{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:06:42Z","timestamp":1792789602811,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":305,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["PID2022-138936OB-C31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-138936OB-C31"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER), \u201cA way to make Europe\u201d, UE","award":["PID2022-138936OB-C31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-138936OB-C31"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psychiatric disorders (PDs), including schizophrenia (SZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), among other disorders, represent a significant global health burden. Despite advancements in understanding their biological mechanisms, there is still no reliable objective and reliable biomarker; therefore, diagnosis remains largely reliant on subjective clinical assessments. Peripheral biomarkers in plasma or serum are interesting due to their accessibility, low cost, and potential to reflect central nervous system processes. Among these, the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family, IGF-1, IGF-2, and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), has gained attention for its roles in neuroplasticity, cognition, and neuroprotection, as well as for their capability to cross the blood\u2013brain barrier. This review evaluates the evidence for IGF family alterations in PDs, with special focus on SZ, MDD, and BD, while also addressing other PDs covering almost 40 years of history. In SZ patients, IGF-1 alterations have been linked to metabolic dysregulation, treatment response, and hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis dysfunction. In MDD patients, IGF-1 appears to compensate for impaired neurogenesis, although findings are inconsistent. Emerging studies on IGF-2 and IGFBPs suggest potential roles across PDs. While promising, heterogeneity among studies and methodological limitations highlights the need for further research to validate IGFs as reliable psychiatric biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T04:18:32Z","timestamp":1741839512000},"page":"2561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Insulin-like Growth Factor Family as a Potential Peripheral Biomarker in Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro Epigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Translational Research in Neurological Diseases (ITEN) Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, SERGAS-USC, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Neurology Service, Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9899-9569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto Carlos","family":"Ag\u00eds-Balboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro Epigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Translational Research in Neurological Diseases (ITEN) Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, SERGAS-USC, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Neurology Service, Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101675","article-title":"Quantifying the global burden of mental disorders and their economic value","volume":"54","author":"Arias","year":"2022","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Sourav, M.S.U., Yang, M., and Zhang, J. 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