{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:25:49Z","timestamp":1782840349976,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Postdoctoral Fund General Project of China","award":["2022M721042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M721042"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Fund General Project of China","award":["242102110003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102110003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017700","name":"Henan province science and technology research project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M721042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M721042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017700","name":"Henan province science and technology research project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["242102110003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102110003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated a suspected Feline calicivirus (FCV) outbreak at a veterinary facility in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. RT-PCR analysis confirmed the FCV presence, with subsequent CRFK cell culture propagation leading to the isolation and characterization of strain ZZ202306. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses validated the specificity of monoclonal antibodies targeting the FCV VP1 capsid protein. Transmission electron microscopy revealed non-enveloped virions of ~40 nm in diameter, exhibiting typical caliciviral architecture. Viral replication kinetics demonstrated exponential growth between 6 and 18 h post-inoculation, reaching a peak titer of 107.96 TCID50\/0.1 mL. Genomic sequencing coupled with phylogenetic reconstruction of the VP1 gene revealed a close genetic relation to domestic Chinese strains and international variants, while maintaining distinct evolutionary divergence from other calicivirus genera.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T04:18:32Z","timestamp":1741839512000},"page":"2565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Isolation, Identification, and Genetic Evolution Analysis of VP1 Gene of Feline Calicivirus Strain ZZ202306"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shi-Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Bo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-You","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7505-6143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng-Li","family":"Ming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2961-4754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bei-Bei","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bamford, D.H., and Zuckerman, M. (2021). Feline Calicivirus (Caliciviridae). Encyclopedia of Virology, Academic Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103446","article-title":"European molecular epidemiology and strain diversity of feline calicivirus","volume":"178","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, L., Liu, J., Li, Y., Xie, D., Yan, Q., Li, Q., Cao, Y., Du, W., Li, J., and Ye, Z. (2023). Biological Characteristics of Feline Calicivirus Epidemic Strains in China and Screening of Broad-Spectrum Protective Vaccine Strains. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11121858"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofmann-Lehmann, R., Hosie, M.J., Hartmann, K., Egberink, H., Truyen, U., Tasker, S., Bel\u00e1k, S., Boucraut-Baralon, C., Frymus, T., and Lloret, A. (2022). Calicivirus Infection in Cats. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050937"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8051","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00550-08","article-title":"Structural Insights into Calicivirus Attachment and Uncoating","volume":"82","author":"Bhella","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.4.3051-3059.1998","article-title":"Cleavage of the feline calicivirus capsid precursor is mediated by a virus-encoded proteinase","volume":"72","author":"Sosnovtsev","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"382","article-title":"A new feline virus isolated in tissue culture","volume":"18","author":"Fastier","year":"1957","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"141","article-title":"A strain of calicivirus isolated from lions with vesicular lesions on tongue and snout","volume":"20","author":"Kadoi","year":"1997","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.04.033","article-title":"Characterization of a strain of feline calicivirus isolated from a dog faecal sample","volume":"139","author":"Barbara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"463","article-title":"Experimentally induced feline calicivirus infection: Clinical signs and lesions","volume":"166","author":"Hoover","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1702(92)90008-W","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence of the capsid protein gene of two serotypes of San Miguel sea lion virus: Identification of conserved and non-conserved amino acid sequences among calicivirus capsid proteins","volume":"24","author":"Neill","year":"1992","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1992.201.05.753","article-title":"Isolation of calicivirus from the joint of a kitten with arthritis","volume":"201","author":"Levy","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Qi, R., Chen, M., Feng, K., Liu, Z., Kang, H., Jiang, Q., Qu, L., and Liu, J. (2024). Screening and Immune Efficacy Evaluation of Antigens with Protection Against Feline Calicivirus. Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12111205"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0852-1","article-title":"Calicivirus VP2 forms a portal-like assembly following receptor engagement","volume":"565","author":"Conley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4482","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.9.4482-4490.2006","article-title":"Junctional adhesion molecule 1 is a functional receptor for feline calicivirus","volume":"80","author":"Makino","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00280-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00280-20","article-title":"Major Capsid Protein Synthesis from the Genomic RNA of Feline Calicivirus","volume":"94","author":"Urban","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5550","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02371-09","article-title":"Conformational changes in the capsid of a calicivirus upon interaction with its functional receptor","volume":"84","author":"Ossiboff","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11381","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05621-11","article-title":"The cryo-electron microscopy structure of feline calicivirus bound to junctional adhesion molecule A at 9-angstrom resolution reveals receptor-induced flexibility and two distinct conformational changes in the capsid protein VP1","volume":"85","author":"Bhella","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunet, S., Sigoillot-Claude, C., Pialot, D., and Poulet, H. (2019). Multiple Correspondence Analysis on Amino Acid Properties within the Variable Region of the Capsid Protein Shows Differences between Classical and Virulent Systemic Feline Calicivirus Strains. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11121090"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"29","article-title":"Isolation and Identification of Feline Calicivirus BJH13 Strain and Sequence Analysis of VP1 Gene","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Progress. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"3530","article-title":"VP1 Sequence and Pathogenicity Analysis of Feline Calicivirus lsolates","volume":"53","author":"Jian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Zootech. Sin."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14447","article-title":"Co-circulation and evolution of genogroups I and II of respiratory and enteric feline calicivirus isolates in cats","volume":"69","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izquierdo-Lara, R.W., Villabruna, N., Hesselink, D.A., Schapendonk, C.M.E., Rib\u00f3 Pons, S., Nieuwenhuijse, D., Meier, J.I.J., Goodfellow, I., Dalm, V., and Fraaij, P.L.A. (2024). Patterns of the within-host evolution of human norovirus in immunocompromised individuals and implications for treatment. EBioMedicine, 109.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105391"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02319-9","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of feline calicivirus in Kunshan, China","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"225","article-title":"An Update on Feline Calicivirus","volume":"164","author":"Spiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Liu, Z., Shi, J., Yang, M., Yan, Y., Fu, Y., Shen, Z., and Peng, G. (2024). The CDE region of feline Calicivirus VP1 protein is a potential candidate subunit vaccine. BMC Vet. Res., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-03914-2"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00785-x","article-title":"Precise location of linear epitopes on the capsid surface of feline calicivirus recognized by neutralizing and non-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies","volume":"51","author":"Angulo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00035-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00035-18","article-title":"Conserved Surface Residues on the Feline Calicivirus Capsid Are Essential for Interaction with Its Receptor Feline Junctional Adhesion Molecule A (fJAM-A)","volume":"92","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"50","article-title":"Isolation and Identification of Feline Calicivirus and Analysis of Its VP1 Gene Sequences","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Progress. Vet. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/6\/2565\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:52:44Z","timestamp":1760028764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/6\/2565"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26062565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26062565","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]}}}