{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T10:39:45Z","timestamp":1784716785439,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INCT (Institute National on Science and Technology)-Bioanal\u00edtica","award":["465389\/2014-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465389\/2014-7"]}]},{"name":"INCT (Institute National on Science and Technology)-Bioanal\u00edtica","award":["401256\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["401256\/2020-0"]}]},{"name":"INCT (Institute National on Science and Technology)-Bioanal\u00edtica","award":["CAPES\/PROEX- 88881.894490\/2023-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES\/PROEX- 88881.894490\/2023-01"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (CNPq)","award":["465389\/2014-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465389\/2014-7"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (CNPq)","award":["401256\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["401256\/2020-0"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (CNPq)","award":["CAPES\/PROEX- 88881.894490\/2023-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES\/PROEX- 88881.894490\/2023-01"]}]},{"name":"CAPES semiarid Fellowship","award":["465389\/2014-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465389\/2014-7"]}]},{"name":"CAPES semiarid Fellowship","award":["401256\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["401256\/2020-0"]}]},{"name":"CAPES semiarid Fellowship","award":["CAPES\/PROEX- 88881.894490\/2023-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES\/PROEX- 88881.894490\/2023-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has become a global public health threat. Although no replication-competent virus has been found in breast milk samples, breastfeeding practices during the pandemic were impacted. It is well known that breast milk is adapted to meet the needs of infants, providing the appropriate amounts of nutrients and various bioactive compounds that contribute to the maturation of the immune system and antioxidant protection, safeguarding infants against diseases. While its composition is variable, breast milk contains immune cells, antibodies, and cytokines, which have anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial properties that strengthen infant immunity. Since COVID-19 vaccines have not yet been approved for infants under six months of age, newborns rely on the passive transfer of antibodies via the placenta and breast milk to protect them against severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several studies that analyzed breast milk samples in the context of COVID-19 have demonstrated that a strong antibody response is induced following maternal infection with SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the impact of maternal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 through natural infection and\/or vaccination on the immunological composition of breast milk based on the studies conducted on this topic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T10:16:45Z","timestamp":1741861005000},"page":"2600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Impact of Maternal Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 on Immunological Components of Breast Milk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1636-5613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nayara Gomes","family":"Graciliano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Macei\u00f3 57072-900, Alagoas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9860-3667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00edlia Oliveira Fonseca","family":"Goulart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Macei\u00f3 57072-900, Alagoas, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Macei\u00f3 57072-900, Alagoas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alane Cabral Menezes","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Macei\u00f3 57072-900, Alagoas, Brazil"},{"name":"College of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Macei\u00f3 57072-900, Alagoas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, October 10). 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