{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:38:59Z","timestamp":1791851939435,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R15AI174177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15AI174177"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonella is estimated to infect between 200 million and over 1 billion people per year. The exact number is not known, as many cases go unreported. Integral to the pathogenesis of Salmonella, as well as numerous other Gram-negative pathogens, is its type III effectors. Salmonella possesses two distinct type III secretion systems, encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 and Salmonella pathogenicity island-2. Together, they secrete at least 49 type III effectors into host cells that are collectively responsible for many of the virulence attributes of this pathogen. These virulence factors facilitate the invasion of host cells, induce and attenuate inflammation, and change the migratory properties of infected phagocytes, among other things. The effects of all type III effectors on Salmonella virulence are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T04:29:18Z","timestamp":1741926558000},"page":"2611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Salmonella Type III Secretion System Effectors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Micah J.","family":"Worley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30685-6","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","author":"Stanaway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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