{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:19:43Z","timestamp":1770423583728,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We aimed to determine whether transient global amnesia (TGA) is associated with alterations in central nervous system (CNS) injury biomarkers\u2014serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) and serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (sGFAP). In a prospective cohort of TGA patients, blood samples were obtained within 24\u201348 h of TGA onset (t0) and 6 weeks thereafter (t1). We assessed sNfL and sGFAP levels using the highly sensitive single-molecule array assay and calculated Z-scores adjusted for age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Demographics, electroencephalography (EEG), and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) findings were also collected. A total of 20 patients were included (median age: 66 years, 70% women). No significant changes in sNfL or sGFAP levels associated with TGA at t0 and t1 were observed. Median sNfL Z-scores were 0.45 (interquartile range [IQR] \u22120.09, 1.19) at t0 and 0.60 (IQR \u22120.61, 1.19) at t1. Median sGFAP Z-scores were 0.27 (IQR \u22120.45, 0.76) at t0 and 0.44 (IQR \u22120.27, 0.75) at t1. Similarly, in the subgroup of patients with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)-positive hippocampal lesions (n = 5\/20[25%]), no elevations in blood biomarkers were detected. Our pilot study on neurological blood biomarkers supports the benign nature of TGA, indicating that no CNS tissue damage occurs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T13:07:51Z","timestamp":1741957671000},"page":"2629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transient Global Amnesia (TGA): Is It Really Benign? A Pilot Study on Blood Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Fabio","family":"Rossini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care and Neurorehabilitation, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, European Reference Network EpiCARE, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5397-5595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Moser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care and Neurorehabilitation, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, European Reference Network EpiCARE, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Unterhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care and Neurorehabilitation, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, European Reference Network EpiCARE, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5350-3328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rina","family":"Demjaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cansu","family":"Tafrali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Martinez-Serrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Kuhle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6172-801X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Leppert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Benkert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience (RC2NB), Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0672-5718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes A. R.","family":"Pfaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5950-2692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugen","family":"Trinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care and Neurorehabilitation, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, European Reference Network EpiCARE, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Slaven","family":"Pikija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care and Neurorehabilitation, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, European Reference Network EpiCARE, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl105","article-title":"What does transient global amnesia really mean? 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