{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:32:56Z","timestamp":1785889976300,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Project","award":["NDYB2022-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NDYB2022-8"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Project","award":["2018YFE0107900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFE0107900"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Project","award":["CARS-08-B-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-08-B-5"]}]},{"name":"National key research and development plan projects","award":["NDYB2022-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NDYB2022-8"]}]},{"name":"National key research and development plan projects","award":["2018YFE0107900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFE0107900"]}]},{"name":"National key research and development plan projects","award":["CARS-08-B-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-08-B-5"]}]},{"name":"National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System","award":["NDYB2022-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NDYB2022-8"]}]},{"name":"National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System","award":["2018YFE0107900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFE0107900"]}]},{"name":"National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System","award":["CARS-08-B-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-08-B-5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil salinity is among the crucial factors influencing agricultural productivity of crops, including oat. The respiratory metabolic pathways are of great significance for plants to adapt to salt stress, but current research is limited and there are few reports on salt-tolerant crops such as oat, which is necessary to conduct in-depth research. In this study, we conducted a pot experiment to determine the effects of salt stress on oat root growth and respiratory metabolism. Three salt stress levels\u2014control (CK), moderate, and severe\u2014were applied to compare the salt tolerance of the salt-tolerant cultivar Bai2 and the salt-sensitive cultivar Bai5. We selected oat roots at the seedling stage as the research focus and analyzed fresh root samples using an Oxytherm liquid-phase oxygen electrode, a digital scanner, and proteomics. The results showed that with an increased concentration of salt stress, the dry and fresh weight, root\u2013shoot ratio, total root length, root surface area, root volume, and average diameter of the two oat cultivars showed a decreasing trend. Compared with CK, the total root respiration rate of Bai2 under moderate and severe stress decreased by 15.6% and 28%, respectively, and that of Bai5 decreased by 70.4% and 79.0%, respectively. After quantitative analysis of 18 oat root samples from the 2 cultivars using the label-free method, 7174 differential proteins were identified and 63 differential proteins were obtained, which involved 7 functional categories. In total, 111 differential proteins were specifically expressed in the root of the salt-tolerant cultivar Bai2, involving 12 functional categories. Through interaction network analysis, the proteins differentially expressed between the salt treatment and CK groups of the salt-tolerant cultivar Bai2 were analyzed. In total, five types of differentially expressed proteins interacting with each other were detected; these mainly involved antioxidant enzymes, pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and energy metabolism pathways. Salt stress promoted the respiration rate of oat root glycolysis. The respiration rate of the tricarboxylic acid pathway decreased with increased salt stress concentration, while the respiration rate of the pentose phosphate pathway increased. Compared with CK, following moderate and severe salt stress treatment, alcohol dehydrogenase activity in Bai2 increased by 384% and 145%, respectively, while that of Bai5 increased by 434% and 157%, respectively. At increased salt stress concentrations, Bai2 mainly used pyruvate\u2013ethanol fermentation for anaerobic respiration, while Bai5 mainly used pyruvate\u2013lactic acid fermentation for anaerobic respiration. This significant discovery revealed for the first time from the perspective of respiratory metabolism that different salt-tolerant oat cultivars adapt to salt stress in different ways to maintain normal growth and development. The experimental results provide new insights into plant adaptation to salt stress from the perspective of respiratory metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T08:46:46Z","timestamp":1741942006000},"page":"2630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Label-Free Proteomics Reveals the Response of Oat (Avena sativa L.) Seedling Root Respiratory Metabolism to Salt Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Outstanding Talents in Agricultural Research and Their Innovative Teams, Hohhot 010019, China"},{"name":"Cereal Engineering Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010019, China"},{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoping","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Outstanding Talents in Agricultural Research and Their Innovative Teams, Hohhot 010019, China"},{"name":"Cereal Engineering Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junzhen","family":"Mi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Outstanding Talents in Agricultural Research and Their Innovative Teams, Hohhot 010019, China"},{"name":"Cereal Engineering Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongshan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Outstanding Talents in Agricultural Research and Their Innovative Teams, Hohhot 010019, China"},{"name":"Cereal Engineering Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Outstanding Talents in Agricultural Research and Their Innovative Teams, Hohhot 010019, China"},{"name":"Cereal Engineering Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.18801\/jbar.100116.102","article-title":"Screening of Salinity Tolerance of Rice at Early Seedling Stage","volume":"10","author":"Mondal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/1477-8947.12054","article-title":"Economics of Salt-induced Land Degradation and Restoration","volume":"Volume 38","author":"Qadir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Natural Resources Forum"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pessarakli, M., and Szabolcs, I. (2019). Soil Salinity and Sodicity as Particular Plant\/Crop Stress Factors. Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress, CRC Press. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351104609"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-017-2423-8","article-title":"Overexpression of NbWRKY79 Enhances Salt Stress Tolerance in Nicotiana Benthamiana","volume":"39","author":"Nam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"625","article-title":"Physiological Responses and Adaptive Capacity of Oats to Saline-Alkali Stress","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2018.10.017","article-title":"Comparative Physiological Responses and Adaptive Strategies of Apple Malus Halliana to Salt, Alkali and Saline-Alkali Stress","volume":"245","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumari, A., Das, P., Parida, A.K., and Agarwal, P.K. (2015). Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Ionomics Perspectives of Salinity Tolerance in Halophytes. Front. Plant Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.00537"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(16)61608-8","article-title":"Effects of Salt Stress on Rice Growth, Development Characteristics, and the Regulating Ways: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Hussain","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13363","article-title":"Redefining Fine Roots Improves Understanding of Below-ground Contributions to Terrestrial Biosphere Processes","volume":"207","author":"McCormack","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2010.11.004","article-title":"Regulation of Respiration in Plants: A Role for Alternative Metabolic Pathways","volume":"168","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2015.09.032","article-title":"Respiratory Pathway Metabolism and Energy Metabolism Associated with Senescence in Postharvest Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Var. Italic style) Florets in Response to O2\/CO2 Controlled Atmospheres","volume":"111","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144246","article-title":"Redox Regulation: A Broadening Horizon","volume":"56","author":"Buchanan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, S., Zhu, Y., Pan, Y., Zhang, Z., and Huang, L. (2022). Enhancement of Respiratory Metabolism of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) Strengthens the Chilling Tolerance of Postharvest Papaya Fruit Stored at 1 \u00b0C. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 191.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2022.111988"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4122","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201000485","article-title":"Genetic, Proteomic and Metabolic Analysis of the Regulation of Energy Storage in Rice Seedlings in Response to Drought","volume":"11","author":"Shu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.106.043000","article-title":"A Variable Cluster of Ethylene Response Factor\u2013like Genes Regulates Metabolic and Developmental Acclimation Responses to Submergence in Rice","volume":"18","author":"Fukao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12282","article-title":"Characterization of Distinct Root and Shoot Responses to Low-oxygen Stress in A Rabidopsis with a Focus on Primary C-and N-metabolism","volume":"37","author":"Mustroph","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1203-6","article-title":"An Apical Hypoxic Niche Sets the Pace of Shoot Meristem Activity","volume":"569","author":"Weits","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.150045","article-title":"Glycolysis and the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Are Linked by Alanine Aminotransferase during Hypoxia Induced by Waterlogging of Lotus Japonicus","volume":"152","author":"Rocha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10725-015-0136-9","article-title":"Effects of Exogenous Putrescine on Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle Metabolism in Cucumber Leaves Subjected to Salt Stress","volume":"79","author":"Zhong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2011.08.002","article-title":"The Role of Mitochondrial Respiration in Salinity Tolerance","volume":"16","author":"Jacoby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Xing, W., Shao, Q., Shu, S., Sun, J., and Guo, S. (2015). The Effects of Grafting on Glycolysis and the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle in Ca (NO3)2-Stressed Cucumber Seedlings with Pumpkin as Rootstock. Acta Physiol. Plant., 37.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-015-1978-5"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15713","article-title":"Wheat Mitochondrial Respiration Shifts from the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle to the GABA Shunt under Salt Stress","volume":"225","author":"Jacoby","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2005.09.017","article-title":"Ethanolic Fermentation and Anoxia Tolerance in Four Rice Cultivars","volume":"164","author":"Morokuma","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.100.1.1","article-title":"Anaerobic Metabolism in Plants","volume":"100","author":"Kennedy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1071\/PP00137","article-title":"Effects of Manipulation of Pyruvate Decarboxylase and Alcohol Dehydrogenase Levels on the Submergence Tolerance of Rice","volume":"28","author":"Rahman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.103.022244","article-title":"Enhanced Low Oxygen Survival in Arabidopsis through Increased Metabolic Flux in the Fermentative Pathway","volume":"132","author":"Ismond","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.102.016907","article-title":"The Pyruvate Decarboxylase1 Gene of Arabidopsis Is Required during Anoxia but Not Other Environmental Stresses","volume":"132","author":"Kursteiner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.79.4.1015","article-title":"Carbon Balance and Water Relations of Sorghum Exposed to Salt and Water Stress","volume":"79","author":"Richardson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1994.tb15500.x","article-title":"Whole-plant Gas Exchange Responses of Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae) to a Range of Constant and Transient Salinities","volume":"81","author":"Hwang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"351","article-title":"Salt Stress Effects on Respiration and Growth of Germinated Seeds of Different Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars","volume":"4","author":"Moud","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Agric. Sci"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.14205","article-title":"Root Dynamic Growth Strategies in Response to Salinity","volume":"45","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2008.02531.x","article-title":"Salinity Tolerance in Halophytes","volume":"179","author":"Flowers","year":"2008","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1179\/135100004225003888","article-title":"Salt-Induced Antioxidant Metabolism Defenses in Maize (Zea mays L.) Seedlings","volume":"9","author":"Kernodle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"17789","article-title":"Effects of Salt Stress on Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Rice (Oryza sativa) Cultivars in Iran","volume":"10","author":"Kazemi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimizu, K., and Matsuoka, Y. (2019). Redox Rebalance against Genetic Perturbations and Modulation of Central Carbon Metabolism by the Oxidative Stress Regulation. Biotechnol. Adv., 37.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2019.107441"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahzad, B., Fahad, S., Tanveer, M., Saud, S., and Khan, I.A. (2019). Plant Responses and Tolerance to Salt Stress. Approaches for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351104722-3"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911","article-title":"Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance","volume":"59","author":"Munns","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2015.10.003","article-title":"Salt Stress Sensing and Early Signalling Events in Plant Roots: Current Knowledge and Hypothesis","volume":"241","author":"Shabala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpaa174","article-title":"Tissue Tolerance Mechanisms Conferring Salinity Tolerance in a Halophytic Perennial Species Nitraria Sibirica Pall","volume":"41","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.10.032","article-title":"Naringenin Induces Tolerance to Salt\/Osmotic Stress through the Regulation of Nitrogen Metabolism, Cellular Redox and ROS Scavenging Capacity in Bean Plants","volume":"157","author":"Yildiztugay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, L., Li, P., Li, Q., Leng, Y., Zeng, D., and Qian, Q. (2022). Integrated Multi-Omics Perspective to Strengthen the Understanding of Salt Tolerance in Rice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095236"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, T., An, J., Xu, H., Chen, J., Pan, L., Zhao, R., Wang, N., Gai, J., and Li, Y. (2022). A Soybean Sodium\/Hydrogen Exchanger GmNHX6 Confers Plant Alkaline Salt Tolerance by Regulating Na+\/K+ Homeostasis. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.938635"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.-F., Han, G.-L., Qiao, Z.-Q., Li, Y.-X., Yang, Z.-R., and Wang, B.-S. (2022). Root Na+ Content Negatively Correlated to Salt Tolerance Determines the Salt Tolerance of Brassica napus L. Inbred Seedlings. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11070906"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiac283","article-title":"The Transcription Factor OsMYBc and an E3 Ligase Regulate Expression of a K+ Transporter during Salt Stress","volume":"190","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Ye, G., Shen, Z., Li, J., Hao, D., Kong, W., Wang, H., Zhang, L., Chen, J., and Guo, H. (2023). Na+ and K+ Homeostasis in Different Organs of Contrasting Zoysia Japonica Accessions under Salt Stress. Environ. Exp. Bot., 214.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2023.105455"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghassemi-Golezani, K., and Farhangi-Abriz, S. (2021). Biochar-Based Metal Oxide Nanocomposites of Magnesium and Manganese Improved Root Development and Productivity of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under Salt Stress. Rhizosphere, 19.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rhisph.2021.100416"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"107","article-title":"The Role of Ca2+ in Plant Response to Abiotic Stress","volume":"31","author":"Gong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Life"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3054.2003.00051.x","article-title":"Tolerance of Crop Plants to Oxygen Deficiency Stress: Fermentative Activity and Photosynthetic Capacity of Entire Seedlings under Hypoxia and Anoxia","volume":"117","author":"Mustroph","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-006-0039-y","article-title":"Water and Salinity Stress in Grapevines: Early and Late Changes in Transcript and Metabolite Profiles","volume":"7","author":"Cramer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Funct. Integr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambers, H., Oliveira, R.S., Lambers, H., and Oliveira, R.S. (2019). Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Long-Distance Transport: Photosynthesis. Plant Physiological Ecology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29639-1"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4807","DOI":"10.1021\/pr400504a","article-title":"Investigating the Role of Respiration in Plant Salinity Tolerance by Analyzing Mitochondrial Proteomes from Wheat and a Salinity-Tolerant Amphiploid (Wheat \u00d7 Lophopyrum elongatum)","volume":"12","author":"Jacoby","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Li, Y., Gao, Y., He, X., Zhang, D., Liu, B., and Li, Q. (2020). Effects of CO2 Enrichment on Non-Structural Carbohydrate Metabolism in Leaves of Cucumber Seedlings under Salt Stress. Sci. Hortic., 265.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2020.109275"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026392422995","article-title":"Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Rice 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase Gene That Is up-Regulated by Salt Stress A","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2018.07.022","article-title":"Dynamic of Carbohydrate Metabolism and the Related Genes Highlights PPP Pathway Activation during Chilling Induced Bud Dormancy Release in Tree Peony (Paeonia suffruticosa)","volume":"242","author":"Yuxi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.2503\/jjshs.68.152","article-title":"Differences between Tomato (Lycopersicon esuculentum Mill.) and Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in Ethanol, Lactate and Malate Metabolisms and Cell Sap PH of Roots under Hypoxia","volume":"68","author":"Guo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.116.2.651","article-title":"Re-Aeration Following Hypoxia or Anoxia Leads to Activation of the Antioxidative Defense System in Roots of Wheat Seedlings","volume":"116","author":"Biemelt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1993.tb01800.x","article-title":"Hypoxic Metabolism in Wild Rice (Zizania palustris): Enzyme Induction and Metabolite Production","volume":"89","author":"Muench","year":"1993","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"139","article-title":"Proteases and Their Endogenous Inhibitors in the Plant Response to Abiotic Stress","volume":"38","author":"Kos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bot. Serbica"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2012.09.021","article-title":"Differential Proteomic Analysis of Drought Stress Response in Leaves of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)","volume":"78","author":"Hollung","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2013.12.023","article-title":"Root Proteome of Rice Studied by ITRAQ Provides Integrated Insight into Aluminum Stress Tolerance Mechanisms in Plants","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1039\/b9ay00193j","article-title":"Chromatographic Analysis of Major Non-Structural Carbohydrates in Several Wood Species\u2013an Analytical Approach for Higher Accuracy of Data","volume":"2","author":"Raessler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7556","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)43864-7","article-title":"Rapid Intersite Transfer of Acetyl Groups and Movement of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Component in the Kidney Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex","volume":"255","author":"Cate","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"135","article-title":"Exogenous Potassium Differentially Mitigates Salt Stress in Tolerant and Sensitive Maize Hybrids","volume":"46","author":"Abbasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pak. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"97","article-title":"Bitkilerin Stres Ko\u015fullar\u0131na Verdi\u011fi Molek\u00fcler Cevaplar","volume":"69","author":"Aras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Turk. Bull. Hyg. Exp. Biol. Hij. Deney. Biyol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-013-0335-z","article-title":"Exogenous Salicylic Acid Enhances Wheat Drought Tolerance by Influence on the Expression of Genes Related to Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle","volume":"57","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.1021\/pr501323d","article-title":"Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Brassica Napus in Response to Drought Stress","volume":"14","author":"Koh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, K.K., Vikram, P., Yadaw, R.B., Swamy, B.P.M., Dixit, S., Cruz, M.T.S., Maturan, P., Marker, S., and Kumar, A. (2013). QDTY 12. 1: A Locus with a Consistent Effect on Grain Yield under Drought in Rice. BMC Genet., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-14-12"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2021.01.027","article-title":"Integrative Analysis of Transcriptome and Metabolome Reveal Mechanism of Tolerance to Salt Stress in Oat (Avena sativa L.)","volume":"160","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/6\/2630\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:53:50Z","timestamp":1760028830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/6\/2630"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26062630"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26062630","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]}}}