{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:17:27Z","timestamp":1785521847479,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019780","name":"Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HCRI24014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HCRI24014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The distribution of oral pathogens is influenced by genetic background, diet, socioeconomic status, and racial factors. This study aimed to assess the distribution and characteristics of oral pathogens based on blood glucose levels in a South Korean population. This cross-sectional, retrospective study included subjects from 17 health promotion centers in 13 South Korean cities between November 2021 and December 2022. Real-time multiplex PCR was used to detect 10 periodontitis-related pathogens, 6 dental caries-related pathogens, and 1 dental caries-protective bacterium. The most prevalent periodontitis-related pathogens were Parvimonas micra (97.6%), Porphyromonas endodontalis (96.8%), and Treponema socranskii (95.0%). Among dental caries-related pathogens, Streptococcus sanguinis and Veillonella parvula were found in all subjects. The prevalence of periodontitis-related pathogens was higher in males, while pathogens related to periodontitis and dental caries were more prevalent in older individuals. In the diabetes group, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, red and orange complexes, and Streptococcus\u00a0mutans were more prevalent. The relative amount of S. sanguinis was lower, while V. parvula was higher in individuals with diabetes mellitus. The prevalence and composition of oral pathogens vary by sex, age, and blood glucose levels. Diabetic individuals showed a pathogenic community structure linked to increased risks of periodontitis and dental caries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T13:07:51Z","timestamp":1741957671000},"page":"2638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Distribution and Characteristics of Oral Pathogens According to Blood Glucose Levels in South Korean Health Examinees"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7635-5754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong Jun","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6842-0234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jooheon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0372-9185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myung Geun","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bong-Kwang","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEDIcheck Research Institute, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07572, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1969-3586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyejoo","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEDIcheck Research Institute, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07572, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seon","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEDIcheck Research Institute, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07572, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han-Ik","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEDIcheck LAB, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07572, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0637-4364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun-Hee","family":"Nah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2018.1.42","article-title":"Oral microbiome and health","volume":"4","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIMS Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.118334","article-title":"Microbial dysbiosis in periodontitis","volume":"17","author":"Nath","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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