{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T13:37:41Z","timestamp":1791725861170,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ocular aqueous humor plays an important role in maintaining retinal function. Recent findings indicate that aqueous humor, which flows into the vitreous body, is probably absorbed by M\u00fcller cells in the retina, and this process is mediated by aquaporin-4. In this review, we aim to summarize the results of studies on classical aqueous humor circulation and postiridial flow, a pathway proposed in the late 1980s for the inflow of aqueous humor into the vitreous body. In addition, we aim to discuss the retinal glymphatic pathway, inferred by recent findings, with a focus on the anatomical location of aquaporins and barriers that regulate water movement within the tissue. Similarly to the cerebral glymphatic flow, the function of the retinal glymphatic pathway may decline with age, as supported by our findings. In this review, we also discuss age-related ocular diseases that might be associated with the dysfunction of the retinal glymphatic pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T13:07:51Z","timestamp":1741957671000},"page":"2645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["New Perspective on Aqueous Humor Circulation: Retina Takes the Lead"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7199-6111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Ueki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7525-0632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuji","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, NHO Niigata National Hospital, Kasiwazaki 945-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1776","article-title":"Measurement of the volume flow and hydraulic conductivity across the isolated dog retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"28","author":"Tsuboi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Investig. 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