{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:43:53Z","timestamp":1792025033496,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]],"date-time":"2025-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81760587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81760587"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022Z019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022Z019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Project of Jiangxi Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Plan","award":["81760587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81760587"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Jiangxi Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Plan","award":["2022Z019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022Z019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a serious global health issue with high mortality rates worldwide. Despite the numerous advancements in the study of CVD pathogenesis in recent years, further summarization and elaboration of specific molecular pathways are required. An extensive body of research has been conducted to elucidate the association between the MAPK signaling pathway, which is present in all eukaryotic organisms, and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the research conducted on MAPK and CVD over the past five years. The primary focus is on four specific diseases: heart failure, atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury, and cardiac hypertrophy. The review will also address the pathophysiological mechanisms of MAPK in cardiovascular diseases, with the objective of proposing novel clinical treatment strategies for CVD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T06:36:23Z","timestamp":1742193383000},"page":"2667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["The Role of the MAPK Signaling Pathway in Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Clinical Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Xueyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4684-0318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330001, China"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-051222-015009","article-title":"Neutrophils in Physiology and Pathology","volume":"19","author":"Vicanolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manemann, S.M., Gerber, Y., Bielinski, S.J., Chamberlain, A.M., Margolis, K.L., Weston, S.A., Killian, J.M., and Roger, V.L. (2021). Recent trends in cardiovascular disease deaths: A state specific perspective. BMC Public. Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11072-5"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00367-2","article-title":"Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","author":"Naghavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00718-5","article-title":"Non-canonical WNT signalling in cardiovascular disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"19","author":"Akoumianakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, H.B., and Baek, K.H. (2022). E3 ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes regulating the MAPK signaling pathway in cancers. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer, 1877.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2022.188736"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4389","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab447","article-title":"The JAK-STAT pathway: An emerging target for cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis and myeloproliferative neoplasms","volume":"42","author":"Baldini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108488","article-title":"Fluoxetine ameliorates Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression and prevents the exacerbation of cardiovascular dysfunction of socially isolated depressed rats through activation of Nrf2\/HO-1 and hindering TLR4\/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway","volume":"104","author":"Mohammed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.063029","article-title":"Bestrophin3 Deficiency in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Activates MEKK2\/3-MAPK Signaling to Trigger Spontaneous Aortic Dissection","volume":"148","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119499","article-title":"Interplay between MAPK\/ERK signaling pathway and MicroRNAs: A crucial mechanism regulating cancer cell metabolism and tumor progression","volume":"278","author":"Asl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20070430","article-title":"MAPK signalling in cardiovascular health and disease: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"115","author":"Muslin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.679589","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinases in heart development and diseases","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wehbe, Z., Hammoud, S., Soudani, N., Zaraket, H., El-Yazbi, A., and Eid, A.H. (2020). Molecular Insights into SARS COV-2 Interaction with Cardiovascular Disease: Role of RAAS and MAPK Signaling. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00836"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1999.79.1.143","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinase: Conservation of a three-kinase module from yeast to human","volume":"79","author":"Widmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117885","article-title":"p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and pain","volume":"256","author":"Mai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05998-8","article-title":"The role of MAPK pathway in gastric cancer: Unveiling molecular crosstalk and therapeutic prospects","volume":"22","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.13215","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in plant signaling","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00031-10","article-title":"Activation and function of the MAPKs and their substrates, the MAPK-activated protein kinases","volume":"75","author":"Cargnello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.120.000170","article-title":"Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Its Pharmacological Potential","volume":"73","author":"Mathien","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00054.2009","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in the heart: Angels versus demons in a heart-breaking tale","volume":"90","author":"Rose","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2006.11.006","article-title":"MAP kinase pathways: The first twenty years","volume":"1773","author":"Avruch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.066298","article-title":"Versican Promotes Cardiomyocyte Proliferation and Cardiac Repair","volume":"149","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22978","article-title":"The extracellular matrix protein agrin promotes heart regeneration in mice","volume":"547","author":"Bassat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20100323","article-title":"Mechanisms and functions of p38 MAPK signalling","volume":"429","author":"Cuadrado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/372739a0","article-title":"A protein kinase involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis","volume":"372","author":"Lee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero-Becerra, R., Santamans, A.M., Folgueira, C., and Sabio, G. (2020). p38 MAPK Pathway in the Heart: New Insights in Health and Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197412"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.324670","article-title":"Latrophilin-2 Deletion in Cardiomyocyte Disrupts Cell Junction, Leading to D-CMP","volume":"135","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(01)00093-0","article-title":"The c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (JNK MAPKs)","volume":"33","author":"Barr","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Yang, Z., Wang, S., Wang, X., and Mao, J. (2024). Targeting MAPK-ERK\/JNK pathway: A potential intervention mechanism of myocardial fibrosis in heart failure. Biomed. Pharmacother., 173.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116413"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.13310","article-title":"Heart Failure","volume":"324","author":"Baman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c140055","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Heart Failure","volume":"6","author":"Tanai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Shi, Y., Yuan, S., Ruan, J., Pan, H., Ma, M., Huang, G., Ji, Q., Zhong, Y., and Jiang, T. (2024). Inhibiting the MAPK pathway improves heart failure with preserved ejection fraction induced by salt-sensitive hypertension. Biomed. Pharmacother., 170.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115987"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2023.12024","article-title":"Exploring novel biomarkers in dilated cardiomyopathy-induced heart failure by integrated analysis and in vitro experiments","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e156436","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI156436","article-title":"Targeting myeloid cell coagulation signaling blocks MAP kinase\/TGF-\u03b21-driven fibrotic remodeling in ischemic heart failure","volume":"133","author":"Garlapati","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawuti, A., Sun, S., Wang, R., Gong, D., Liu, R., Kong, D., Yuan, T., Zhou, J., Lu, Y., and Wang, S. (2023). Salvianolic acid A alleviates heart failure with preserved ejection fraction via regulating TLR\/Myd88\/TRAF\/NF-\u03baB and p38MAPK\/CREB signaling pathways. Biomed. Pharmacother., 168.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115837"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.08.053","article-title":"Multiomics Analysis Provides Novel Pathways Related to Progression of Heart Failure","volume":"82","author":"Ouwerkerk","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Liu, H., Fang, Q., He, H., Lu, X., Wang, Y., and Fan, X. (2021). Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pill Protects Against Chronic Heart Failure in Mice via Inhibiting the ERK\/MAPK and TGF-\u03b2 Signaling Pathways. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.796354"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117210","article-title":"Optimized new Shengmai powder ameliorates myocardial fibrosis in rats with heart failure by inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"319","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.10.036","article-title":"The protective role of liquiritin in high fructose-induced myocardial fibrosis via inhibiting NF-\u03baB and MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.321431","article-title":"Fibroblast GSK-3\u03b1 Promotes Fibrosis via RAF-MEK-ERK Pathway in the Injured Heart","volume":"131","author":"Umbarkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042336","article-title":"SNO-MLP (S-Nitrosylation of Muscle LIM Protein) Facilitates Myocardial Hypertrophy Through TLR3 (Toll-Like Receptor 3)-Mediated RIP3 (Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 3) and NLRP3 (NOD-Like Receptor Pyrin Domain Containing 3) Inflammasome Activation","volume":"141","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.051094","article-title":"HINT1 (Histidine Triad Nucleotide-Binding Protein 1) Attenuates Cardiac Hypertrophy Via Suppressing HOXA5 (Homeobox A5) Expression","volume":"144","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01816-1","article-title":"2-APQC, a small-molecule activator of Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3), alleviates myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis by regulating mitochondrial homeostasis","volume":"9","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118110","article-title":"Kidney-tonifying blood-activating decoction delays ventricular remodeling in rats with chronic heart failure by regulating gut microbiota and metabolites and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase\/p65 nuclear factor kappa-B\/aquaporin-4 signaling pathway","volume":"330","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01087-3","article-title":"P38 MAPK activated ADAM17 mediates ACE2 shedding and promotes cardiac remodeling and heart failure after myocardial infarction","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2023.10.010","article-title":"Regulated cell death in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"35","author":"Xiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00735-4","article-title":"The molecular and metabolic landscape of iron and ferroptosis in cardiovascular disease","volume":"20","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.06.003","article-title":"Ferroptosis turns 10: Emerging mechanisms, physiological functions, and therapeutic applications","volume":"185","author":"Stockwell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Tan, M., Lin, J., Qian, X., Li, H., and Jiang, T. (2023). Dapagliflozin alleviates myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury by reducing ferroptosis via MAPK signaling inhibition. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1078205"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Chen, H., Song, Y., Chen, K., Pan, S., Yang, S., and Lu, D. (2024). Inhibition of Sat1 alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through regulation of ferroptosis via MAPK\/ERK pathway. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1476718"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2022.5200","article-title":"Role of GADD45A in myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion through mediation of the JNK\/p38 MAPK and STAT3\/VEGF pathways","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.35075","article-title":"25-Hydroxycholesterol protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibiting PARP activity","volume":"16","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-024-00925-x","article-title":"Oleuropein alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by suppressing oxidative stress and excessive autophagy via TLR4\/MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"19","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.11.004","article-title":"DUSP1 alleviates cardiac ischemia\/reperfusion injury by suppressing the Mff-required mitochondrial fission and Bnip3-related mitophagy via the JNK pathways","volume":"14","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-023-02373-w","article-title":"GSK-3\u03b1 aggravates inflammation, metabolic derangement, and cardiac injury post-ischemia\/reperfusion","volume":"101","author":"Ahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallo, S., Vitacolonna, A., Bonzano, A., Comoglio, P., and Crepaldi, T. (2019). ERK: A Key Player in the Pathophysiology of Cardiac Hypertrophy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092164"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0007-y","article-title":"Mechanisms of physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"15","author":"Nakamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.11.025","article-title":"Allicin attenuates pathological cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting autophagy via activation of PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR and MAPK\/ERK\/mTOR signaling pathways","volume":"58","author":"Ba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024599","article-title":"Cardiac Fibroblast-Specific Activating Transcription Factor 3 Protects Against Heart Failure by Suppressing MAP2K3-p38 Signaling","volume":"135","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114162","article-title":"BMP7 promotes cardiomyocyte regeneration in zebrafish and adult mice","volume":"43","author":"Bongiovanni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2014.01.040","article-title":"Ghrelin inhibits doxorubicin cardiotoxicity by inhibiting excessive autophagy through AMPK and p38-MAPK","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.104077","article-title":"Down-regulation of lincRNA-EPS regulates apoptosis and autophagy in BCG-infected RAW264.7 macrophages via JNK\/MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"77","author":"Ke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03392-8","article-title":"The changing landscape of atherosclerosis","volume":"592","author":"Libby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/pin.13202","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: Known and unknown","volume":"72","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"256","article-title":"Atherosclerosis and inflammation. New therapeutic approaches","volume":"155","author":"Climent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0227-9","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Basatemur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e154217","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI154217","article-title":"Disruption of USP9X in macrophages promotes foam cell formation and atherosclerosis","volume":"132","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-017-1575-8","article-title":"Mechanisms of foam cell formation in atherosclerosis","volume":"95","author":"Chistiakov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/iep.12167","article-title":"Increased expression of phosphorylated forms of heat-shock protein-27 and p38MAPK in macrophage-rich regions of fibro-fatty atherosclerotic lesions in the rabbit","volume":"97","author":"Shafi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reustle, A., and Torzewski, M. (2018). Role of p38 MAPK in Atherosclerosis and Aortic Valve Sclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123761"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2023.2194531","article-title":"Papain exerts an anti-atherosclerosis effect with suppressed MPA-mediated foam cell formation by regulating the MAPK and PI3K\/Akt-NF-\u03baB pathways","volume":"27","author":"Fei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-024-02453-5","article-title":"Blocking H(1)R signal aggravates atherosclerosis by promoting inflammation and foam cell formation","volume":"102","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, S., Luo, Y., Sun, G., and Sun, X. (2020). Ginsenoside Compound K Attenuates Ox-LDL-Mediated Macrophage Inflammation and Foam Cell Formation via Autophagy Induction and Modulating NF-\u03baB, p38, and JNK MAPK Signaling. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.567238"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2023.05.009","article-title":"Exercise-induced endothelial Mecp2 lactylation suppresses atherosclerosis via the Ereg\/MAPK signalling pathway","volume":"375","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.11.003","article-title":"A Vessel for Change: Endothelial Dysfunction in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease","volume":"44","author":"Quick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab070","article-title":"Sirtuin 5, vascular endothelium and fibrinolysis: A deadly embrace?","volume":"117","author":"Rocca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac190","article-title":"Partial endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition mediated by HIF-induced CD45 in neointima formation upon carotid artery ligation","volume":"119","author":"Yamashiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20220797","article-title":"Vascular remodelling in cardiovascular diseases: Hypertension, oxidation, and inflammation","volume":"138","author":"Mikolajczyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyabe, M., Nakamura, N., Saiki, T., Miyabe, S., Ito, M., Sasajima, S., Minato, T., Matsubara, T., and Naruse, K. (2022). Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharides Promote Proliferation and Migration of Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells through the MAPK\/TLR4 Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010125"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.117969","article-title":"ZeXieYin formula alleviates atherosclerosis by inhibiting the MAPK\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in APOE-\/- mice to attenuate vascular inflammation and increase plaque stability","volume":"327","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, L., Song, T., Ge, C., Wu, Q., Ma, L., Chen, X., Chen, T., Chen, Q., Chen, Z., and Chen, W. (2023). Identification of bioactive compounds and potential mechanisms of scutellariae radix-coptidis rhizoma in the treatment of atherosclerosis by integrating network pharmacology and experimental validation. Biomed. Pharmacother., 165.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115210"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dup Xu, X., Mao, C., Zhang, C., Zhang, M., Gong, J., and Wang, X. (2023). Salvianolic Acid B Inhibits Ferroptosis and Apoptosis during Myocardial Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury via Decreasing the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Degradation of GPX4 and the ROS-JNK\/MAPK Pathways. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28104117"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.175500","article-title":"Oxymatrine attenuated isoproterenol-induced heart failure via the TLR4\/NF-kappaB and MAPK pathways in vivo and in vitro","volume":"941","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5290","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8315","article-title":"Oroxylin A alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by quelling ferroptosis via activating the DUSP10\/MAPK-Nrf2 pathway","volume":"38","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, T., Wang, Y., Wang, S., Li, J., Li, Z., Wei, Z., Li, J., and Bian, Y. (2024). Kaempferol regulating macrophage foaming and atherosclerosis through Piezo1-mediated MAPK\/NF-\u03baB and Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathway. J. Adv. Res., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.11.016"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"938","article-title":"Phosphorylation-regulated dynamic phase separation of hip-55 protects against heart failure","volume":"150","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.02.028","article-title":"PPARgamma signaling and emerging opportunities for improved therapeutics","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/6\/2667\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:54:30Z","timestamp":1760028870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/6\/2667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26062667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26062667","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]}}}