{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:01:48Z","timestamp":1760058108080,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS Kakenhi Grants, Japan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19H01149","19KK0266","JPJSBP 120249929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H01149","19KK0266","JPJSBP 120249929"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS Bilateral Exchange Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19H01149","19KK0266","JPJSBP 120249929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H01149","19KK0266","JPJSBP 120249929"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To understand the biological effects of residual radioactivity after the atomic bomb explosion in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, we previously investigated the effects of 56Mn, a major residual radioisotope. Our rat study demonstrated that inhalation exposure to 56MnO2 microparticles affected gene expression in the lungs, testes, and liver, despite the low radiation doses. Because 56Mn is a \u03b2- and \u03b3-emitter, the differential effects between \u03b2- and \u03b3-rays should be clarified. In this study, 31Si, a \u03b2-emitter with a radioactive half-life similar to that of 56Mn, was used to determine its effects. Male Wistar rats were exposed to sprayed neutron-activated 31SiO2 microparticles, stable SiO2 microparticles, or X-rays. The animals were examined on days 3 and 14 after irradiation. The expression of radiation-inducible marker genes, including Ccng1, Cdkn1a, and Phlda3, was measured in the spleen, lungs, and liver. Furthermore, the expressions of pathophysiological marker genes, including Aqp1, Aqp5, and Smad7 in the lungs and Cth, Ccl2, and Nfkb1 in the liver, were determined. Impacts of 31SiO2 exposure were observed mainly in the liver, where the expression of Cth markedly increased on post-exposure days 3 and 14. Our data suggest that internal exposure to \u03b2-emitted microparticles has significant biological effects and its possible roles as residual radiation after atomic bombing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T07:49:57Z","timestamp":1742197797000},"page":"2693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gene Expression Changes in the Spleen, Lungs, and Liver of Wistar Rats Exposed to \u03b2-Emitted 31SiO2 Particles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8570-4001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nariaki","family":"Fujimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nurislam","family":"Mukhanbetzhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana Z05H0P9, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0627-6118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanzhar","family":"Zhetkenev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana Z05H0P9, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8691-9485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Chulenbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana Z05H0P9, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timur","family":"Fazylov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B. Atchabarov Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Tole Bi Street 94, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Mukhortov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0725-863X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0394, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0205-4585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kassym","family":"Zhumadilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Physics, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6761-378X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeriy","family":"Stepanenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center, Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 4 Koroleva St., Obninsk, Kaluga 249036, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Kaprin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva Str., 4., Obninsk, Kaluga 249036, Russia"},{"name":"Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russia"},{"name":"P.A. Hertzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute-Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2nd Botkinsky Drive 3, Moscow 125284, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center, Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 4 Koroleva St., Obninsk, Kaluga 249036, Russia"},{"name":"Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Shegay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva Str., 4., Obninsk, Kaluga 249036, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6978-0883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaharu","family":"Hoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Peace, Hiroshima University, Higashisenda-machi 1-1-89, Naka-ku, Hiroshima 730-0053, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9479-0899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Almagul","family":"Kushugulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana Z05H0P9, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-008-0164-1","article-title":"Gamma-ray exposure from neutron-induced radionuclides in soil in Hiroshima and Nagasaki based on DS02 calculations","volume":"47","author":"Imanaka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i45","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrac036","article-title":"Solid cancer mortality risk among a cohort of Hiroshima early entrants after the atomic bombing, 1970\u20132010: Implications regarding health effects of residual radiation","volume":"63","author":"Otani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-008-0172-1","article-title":"Skin dose from neutron-activated soil for early entrants following the A-bomb detonation in Hiroshima: Contribution from \u03b2 and \u03b3 rays","volume":"47","author":"Tanaka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujimoto, N., Ruslanova, B., Abishev, Z., Chaizhunussova, N., Shabdarbayeva, D., Amantayeva, G., Farida, R., Sandybayev, M., Nagano, K., and Zhumadilov, K. (2021). Biological impacts on the lungs in rats internally exposed to radioactive 56MnO2 particle. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90443-9"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-200202000-00003","article-title":"Reconstruction of the inhalation dose in the 30-km zone after the Chernobyl accident","volume":"82","author":"Likhtarev","year":"2002","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.10.029","article-title":"Comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents: A review of the environmental impacts","volume":"470\u2013471","author":"Steinhauser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i21","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrac023","article-title":"Microdistribution of internal radiation dose in biological tissues exposed to 56Mn dioxide microparticles","volume":"63","author":"Stepanenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3109\/09553002.2010.519424","article-title":"Gene expression following ionising radiation: Identification of biomarkers for dose estimation and prediction of individual response","volume":"87","author":"Kabacik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.881976","article-title":"Radiation dose effect of DNA repair-related gene expression in mouse white blood cells","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1667\/RR14044.1","article-title":"Radiation Dose-Rate Effects on Gene Expression in a Mouse Biodosimetry Model","volume":"184","author":"Paul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2012.08.007","article-title":"Radioprotective role of H2S\/CSE pathway in Chang liver cells","volume":"738\u2013739","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2007.02.012","article-title":"Role of aquaporins in lung liquid physiology","volume":"159","author":"Verkman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rru008","article-title":"The expression of aquaporins 1 and 5 in rat lung after thoracic irradiation","volume":"55","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrw091","article-title":"Glycyrrhetinic acid alleviates radiation-induced lung injury in mice","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrae063","article-title":"Internal radiation dose estimates in organs of Wistar rats exposed to sprayed neutron-activated 31SiO2 microparticles: First results of international multicenter study","volume":"65","author":"Stepanenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000000395","article-title":"Workshop Report on Atomic Bomb Dosimetry\u2014Review of Dose Related Factors for the Evaluation of Exposures to Residual Radiation at Hiroshima and Nagasaki","volume":"109","author":"Kerr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb43020055","article-title":"Hepatic Gene Expression Changes in Rats Internally Exposed to Radioactive 56MnO2 Particles at Low Doses","volume":"43","author":"Ruslanova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Jiang, L., Lu, X., Liu, X., and Ling, M. (2021). Curcumin protects radiation-induced liver damage in rats through the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03182-1"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.41.113","article-title":"Dose and dose-rate effects of X rays and fission neutrons on lymphocyte apoptosis in p53(+\/+) and p53(-\/-) mice","volume":"41","author":"Fujikawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2307\/3570292","article-title":"An abscopal effect of x-ray upon mouse spleen weight","volume":"1","author":"Raventos","year":"1954","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2002)157[0478:EIOCPA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Early induction of CDKN1A (p21) and GADD45 mRNA by a low dose of ionizing radiation is due to their dose-dependent post-transcriptional regulation","volume":"157","author":"Daino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meadows, S.K., Dressman, H.K., Muramoto, G.G., Himburg, H., Salter, A., Wei, Z., Ginsburg, G.S., Ginsburg, G., Chao, N.J., and Nevins, J.R. (2008). Gene expression signatures of radiation response are specific, durable and accurate in mice and humans. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/83c37842-8867-4cfb-a271-9e4bf36fb9b8"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aryankalayil, M.J., Bylicky, M.A., Martello, S., Chopra, S., Sproull, M., May, J.M., Shankardass, A., MacMillan, L., Vanpouille-Box, C., and Dalo, J. (2023). Microarray analysis identifies coding and non-coding RNA markers of liver injury in whole body irradiated mice. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26784-w"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3549.1","article-title":"Organ-specific gene expressions in C57BL\/6 mice after exposure to low-dose radiation","volume":"165","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1080\/09553000903020024","article-title":"Changes in transcriptome after in vivo exposure to ionising radiation reveal a highly specialised liver response","volume":"85","author":"Pawlik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.22.1.3818","article-title":"Decreased expression of aquaporin (AQP)1 and AQP5 in mouse lung after acute viral infection","volume":"22","author":"Towne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09833-7","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of kefir against \u03b3-irradiation induced liver injury in male rats: Impact on oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"27","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23077","article-title":"Biochemical study on the protective effect of curcumin on acetaminophen and gamma-irradiation induced hepatic toxicity in rats","volume":"36","author":"Eassawy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4350","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NA00539H","article-title":"Micro- And nanoplastics-current state of knowledge with the focus on oral uptake and toxicity","volume":"2","author":"Paul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"553","article-title":"Gastrointestinal uptake and translocation of microparticles in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat","volume":"189","author":"McMinn","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.109.069278","article-title":"Hepatic structural dosimetry in 90Y microsphere treatment: A Monte Carlo modeling approach based on lobular microanatomy","volume":"51","author":"Gulec","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, M.M., Romero, A.S., Merkley, S.D., Meyer-Hagen, J.L., Forbes, C., El Hayek, E., Sciezka, D.P., Templeton, R., Gonzalez-Estrella, J., and Jin, Y. (2024). In Vivo Tissue Distribution of Polystyrene or Mixed Polymer Microspheres and Metabolomic Analysis after Oral Exposure in Mice. Environ. Health Perspect., 132.","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP13435"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Younes, M., Aquilina, G., Castle, L., Degen, G., Engel, K.H., Fowler, P., Frutos Fernandez, M.J., Furst, P., Gurtler, R., and Husoy, T. (2024). Re-evaluation of silicon dioxide (E 551) as a food additive in foods for infants below 16 weeks of age and follow-up of its re-evaluation as a food additive for uses in foods for all population groups. EFSA J., 22.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.p221001"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques Da Silva, V., Benjdir, M., Montagne, P., Pairon, J.-C., Lanone, S., and Andujar, P. (2022). Pulmonary Toxicity of Silica Linked to Its Micro- or Nanometric Particle Size and Crystal Structure: A Review. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12142392"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040100266","article-title":"Health hazards due to the inhalation of amorphous silica","volume":"75","author":"Merget","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuya, Y., Satou, Y., Hamada, N., Date, H., Ishikawa, M., and Sato, T. (2019). DNA damage induction during localized chronic exposure to an insoluble radioactive microparticle. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46874-6"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/6\/2693\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:54:59Z","timestamp":1760028899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/6\/2693"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26062693"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26062693","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]}}}