{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:09:31Z","timestamp":1787166571676,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common brain tumor and one of the most aggressive, with a median overall survival (OS) of only 15\u201318 months. These characteristics make it necessary to identify new targets for the improvement of prognosis and better prediction of response to therapies currently available for GBM patients. One possible candidate target could be the evaluation of miRNAs. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that play important roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Due to their functions, miRNAs also control biological processes underlying the development of GBM and may be considered possible targets with a clinical role. This narrative review introduces the concept of miRNAs in GBM from a clinical and a molecular perspective and then addresses the specific miRNAs that are most described in the literature as relevant for the development, the prognosis, and the response to therapies for patients affected by GBM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T10:43:51Z","timestamp":1742294631000},"page":"2723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Clinical Role of miRNAs in the Development and Treatment of Glioblastoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1236-2722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Epistolio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6900 Locarno, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Spina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6900 Locarno, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismail","family":"Zaed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter of the Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital of Lugano, EnteOspedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7349-3753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Cardia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter of the Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital of Lugano, EnteOspedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6532-7168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Marchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter of the Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital of Lugano, EnteOspedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2334-3412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milo","family":"Frattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6900 Locarno, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.0023","article-title":"Glioblastoma and Other Primary Brain Malignancies in Adults: A Review","volume":"329","author":"Schaff","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab106","article-title":"The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A summary","volume":"23","author":"Louis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa106","article-title":"Glioblastoma in adults: A Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) and European Society of Neuro-Oncology (EANO) consensus review on current management and future directions","volume":"22","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab200","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014\u20132018","volume":"23","author":"Ostrom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017160057","article-title":"Genetic Syndromes Associated with Central Nervous System Tumors","volume":"37","author":"Vijapura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5537","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-0032","article-title":"Genomic Correlates of Disease Progression and Treatment Response in Prospectively Characterized Gliomas","volume":"25","author":"Jonsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. 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