{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T23:04:59Z","timestamp":1762211099703,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Uniwersytet Jutra II","award":["POWR.03.05.00-00-Z303\/18","640959"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POWR.03.05.00-00-Z303\/18","640959"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["POWR.03.05.00-00-Z303\/18","640959"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POWR.03.05.00-00-Z303\/18","640959"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Society","award":["POWR.03.05.00-00-Z303\/18","640959"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POWR.03.05.00-00-Z303\/18","640959"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plants are challenged regularly with multiple types of biotic stress factors, such as pathogens or insect herbivores, in their environment. To detect and defend against pathogens, plants have evolved an innate immune system in which intracellular receptors in the so-called effector-triggered immunity play a vital role. In Arabidopsis\u00a0thaliana the Toll\/interleukin-1 receptors (TIRs) domain is related to intracellular immunity receptors, for example in TIR-NBS-LRR (TNL) proteins. Among the TIR domain carrying proteins, very little is known about the function of the TIR-X proteins. Here, we focus on the recently described TIR-X (TIRP; At5g44900) to analyze its role in phytohormone-mediated plant defense through gene expression and phytohormone quantification. Therefore, we employed two fungal pathogens, the necrotrophic Alternaria brassicicola and the hemibiotrophic Verticillium dahliae, to infect A. thaliana WT (Col-0), TIRP knock-out, and TIRP overexpressing lines for comparative analyses. Furthermore, we included the insect herbivore Spodoptera littoralis and a treatment with S. littoralis egg extract on the plants to analyze any role of TIRP during these attacks. We found that both A. brassicicola and V. dahliae infections increased TIRP gene expression systemically. The salicylic acid content was higher in the TIRP overexpressing line, corresponding to a better S. littoralis larval growth performance in feeding assays. However, since we never observed clear infection-related differences in jasmonate or salicylic acid levels between the wild type and the two transgenic Arabidopsis lines, our results rule out the possibility that TIRP acts via the regulation of phytohormone synthesis and accumulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T07:48:37Z","timestamp":1742370517000},"page":"2764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring a Role for the Arabidopsis TIR-X Gene (TIRP) in the Defense Against Pathogenic Fungi or Insect Herbivory Attack"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shraddha","family":"Neufeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6691-6500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Reichelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra S.","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4484-1536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Wojtaszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5229-6913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axel","family":"Mith\u00f6fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/35081161","article-title":"Plant pathogen and integrated defence responses to infection","volume":"411","author":"Dangl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05286","article-title":"The plant immune system","volume":"444","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.010763","article-title":"Sentinels of disease. 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