{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:10:57Z","timestamp":1790251857421,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation of Switzerland","award":["SNSF 192072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNSF 192072"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of Switzerland","award":["IZSEZ0_218861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IZSEZ0_218861"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of Switzerland","award":["LP180101085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP180101085"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of Switzerland","award":["LP220200614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP220200614"]}]},{"name":"Australian Research Council","award":["SNSF 192072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNSF 192072"]}]},{"name":"Australian Research Council","award":["IZSEZ0_218861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IZSEZ0_218861"]}]},{"name":"Australian Research Council","award":["LP180101085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP180101085"]}]},{"name":"Australian Research Council","award":["LP220200614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP220200614"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in humans is caused by the larval (metacestode) stage of Echinococcus multilocularis, commonly known as the \u2018fox tapeworm\u2019. This disease predominantly targets the liver and has an invasive growth pattern, allowing it to spread to adjacent and distant tissues. Due to its gradual progression and tumour-like characteristics, early diagnosis and prompt intervention are crucial, particularly as there are currently no highly effective vaccines or chemotherapeutics against AE. Current estimates suggest that ~10,500 new infections occur annually worldwide; however, more research is required to refine the prevalence and incidence data for both human and animal hosts in endemic areas of the world. This article discusses the biology of E. multilocularis, outlines aspects of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and management of AE, reviews its global distribution, annual incidence, and prevalence, highlights the role of molecular parasitology in advancing therapeutic strategies, and presents recommendations for improving the prevention and control of AE in human populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T05:03:59Z","timestamp":1742447039000},"page":"2784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Human Alveolar Echinococcosis\u2014A Neglected Zoonotic Disease Requiring Urgent Attention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1358-1321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Rostami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britta","family":"Lundstr\u00f6m-Stadelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Reference Laboratory of Federal Office for Food Safety and Veterinary Affairs, Institute of Parasitology and Echinococcus, University of Bern, L\u00e4nggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6478-7493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline F.","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference Laboratory of Federal Office for Food Safety and Veterinary Affairs, Institute of Parasitology and Echinococcus, University of Bern, L\u00e4nggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9914-3807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Beldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department for Biomedical Research, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5879-5737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Lachenmayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bill C. H.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mobin","family":"Norouzian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0622-2128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Hemphill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference Laboratory of Federal Office for Food Safety and Veterinary Affairs, Institute of Parasitology and Echinococcus, University of Bern, L\u00e4nggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4423-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin B.","family":"Gasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2024, March 05). 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