{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:11:36Z","timestamp":1792192296340,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":203,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010609","name":"Gda\u0144sk Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ST 01-100024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST 01-100024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010609","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation appears to play a crucial role in the development and progression of penile cancer (PeCa). Two molecular pathways of PeCa are currently described: HPV-dependent and HPV-independent. The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of PeCa is characterized by the presence of tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. The components of the TIME produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which have been found to be overexpressed in PeCa tissues and are associated with tumor progression and unfavorable prognoses. Additionally, the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB) pathway and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) have been implicated in PeCa pathogenesis. Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) have been identified as potential prognostic biomarkers in PeCa. This overview presents the complex contribution of the inflammatory process and collates projects aimed at modulating TIME in PeCa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T05:03:59Z","timestamp":1742447039000},"page":"2785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Inflammation in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2017-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Czajkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4310-1616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr M.","family":"Wierzbicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119binki, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3817-4027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Dolny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Matuszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver W.","family":"Hakenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18055 Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70092","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.70092","article-title":"Epidemiology of Penile Cancer in Poland Compared to Other European Countries","volume":"13","author":"Czajkowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1590\/S1677-55382008000500007","article-title":"Epidemiologic Study on Penile Cancer in Brazil","volume":"34","author":"Favorito","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Braz. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00246-5","article-title":"Penile Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Engelsgjerd, J.S., Leslie, S.W., and LaGrange, C.A. (2024). Penile Cancer and Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2014.12.049","article-title":"Treatment for Metastatic Penile Cancer after First-Line Chemotherapy Failure: Analysis of Response and Survival Outcomes","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, C., Yao, K., Lu, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, K., Lu, J., Zhang, C.Z., and Cao, Y. (2020). Immunophenotypes Based on the Tumor Immune Microenvironment Allow for Unsupervised Penile Cancer Patient Stratification. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12071796"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.04.018","article-title":"Management of Lymph Node\u2013Positive Penile Cancer: A Systematic Review","volume":"85","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5746","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.01.598","article-title":"Polymorphisms in Inflammation Genes and Bladder Cancer: From Initiation to Recurrence, Progression, and Survival","volume":"23","author":"Leibovici","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.035","article-title":"Emerging Avenues Linking Inflammation and Cancer","volume":"52","author":"Kundu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04046-0","article-title":"Inflammation and Cancer: Back to Virchow?","volume":"357","author":"Balkwill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ottenhof, S.R., Djajadiningrat, R.S., Thygesen, H.H., Jakobs, P.J., J\u00f3\u017awiak, K., Heeren, A.M., De Jong, J., Sanders, J., Horenblas, S., and Jordanova, E.S. (2018). The Prognostic Value of Immune Factors in the Tumor Microenvironment of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01253"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catalano, M., Roviello, G., Santi, R., Villari, D., Spatafora, P., Galli, I.C., Sessa, F., Conte, F.L., Mini, E., and Cai, T. (2023). Inflammation in Urological Malignancies: The Silent Killer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010866"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2009.09.017","article-title":"Urothelial Dysplasia and Inflammation Induced by Schistosoma Haematobium Total Antigen Instillation in Mice Normal Urothelium","volume":"Volume 29","author":"Botelho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2020.12135","article-title":"Impact of Inflammation and Immunotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma (Review)","volume":"20","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitzgerald, J.P., Nayak, B., Shanmugasundaram, K., Friedrichs, W., Sudarshan, S., Eid, A.A., DeNapoli, T., Parekh, D.J., Gorin, Y., and Block, K. (2012). Nox4 Mediates Renal Cell Carcinoma Cell Invasion through Hypoxia-Induced Interleukin 6-and 8-Production. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030712"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-022-03130-7","article-title":"The Role of Occlusion and Micro-Incontinence in the Pathogenesis of Penile Lichen Sclerosus: An Observational Study of pro-Inflammatory Cytokines\u2019 Gene Expression","volume":"54","author":"Czajkowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30682-X","article-title":"Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus DNA and p16INK4a in Penile Cancer and Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Olesen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4878","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-4695","article-title":"Nitric Oxide Induces Early Viral Transcription Coincident with Increased DNA Damage and Mutation Rates in Human Papillomavirus\u2013Infected Cells","volume":"69","author":"Wei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arneth, B. (2019). Tumor Microenvironment. Medicina, 56.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56010015"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70025","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.70025","article-title":"Altered Tumor Microenvironment Heterogeneity of Penile Cancer during Progression from Non-lymphatic to Lymphatic Metastasis","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07205","article-title":"Cancer-Related Inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Mantovani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2017.05.004","article-title":"Leukocyte Trafficking in Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"35","author":"Schioppa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Y., Yu, Y., Wang, X., and Zhang, T. (2020). Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Tumor Immunity. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.583084"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2006.00391.x","article-title":"CD8+ T-cell Memory in Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy","volume":"211","author":"Klebanoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/nm976","article-title":"Regulation of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses by Stat-3 Signaling in Tumor Cells","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-018-0004-4","article-title":"When Worlds Collide: Th17 and Treg Cells in Cancer and Autoimmunity","volume":"15","author":"Knochelmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5591","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.116392","article-title":"The Tumor Microenvironment at a Glance","volume":"125","author":"Balkwill","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-074934","article-title":"Immune Regulatory Function of B Cells","volume":"30","author":"Mauri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800267-4.00003-1","article-title":"Recognition of Tumors by the Innate Immune System and Natural Killer Cells","volume":"122","author":"Marcus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2023.12.002","article-title":"Prognostic Implications of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes within the Tumor Microenvironment in Gastric Cancer","volume":"28","author":"Pereira","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-022-02119-4","article-title":"Tumour-Infiltrating Lymphocytes: From Prognosis to Treatment Selection","volume":"128","author":"Brummel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanders, C., Hamad, A.S.M., Ng, S., Hosni, R., Ellinger, J., Kl\u00fcmper, N., Ritter, M., Stephan, C., Jung, K., and H\u00f6lzel, M. (2022). CD103+ Tissue Resident T-Lymphocytes Accumulate in Lung Metastases and Are Correlated with Poor Prognosis in ccRCC. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14061541"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001807","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001807","article-title":"CD8+ CD103+ Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells Convey Reduced Protective Immunity in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25429","article-title":"Regulatory T Cells in Tumor Immunity","volume":"127","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-014-2864-2","article-title":"Pathologic and Imunohistochemical Characterization of Tumoral Inflammatory Cell Infiltrate in Invasive Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Fox-P3 Expression Is an Independent Predictor of Recurrence","volume":"36","author":"Vassallo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tumor Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-022-03271-1","article-title":"Tumor-Associated Immune Cell Infiltrate Density in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas","volume":"480","author":"Hladek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.81899","article-title":"Recent Advancement of PD-L1 Detection Technologies and Clinical Applications in the Era of Precision Cancer Therapy","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"727","article-title":"PD-1\/PD-L1 Pathway: Current Researches in Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1514296","article-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Aspects of the PD-1 Checkpoint Pathway","volume":"375","author":"Boussiotis","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx008","article-title":"Pembrolizumab as First-Line Therapy for Patients with PD-L1-Positive Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Phase 1 Trial","volume":"28","author":"Hui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4872","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.02894","article-title":"Atezolizumab With or Without Radiotherapy for Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis (The PERICLES Study): A Phase II Trial","volume":"41","author":"Rafael","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Del Muro, X.G., L\u00f3pez-Bravo, D.P., Cu\u00e9llar-Rivas, M.A., Maroto, P., Giannatempo, P., Castellano, D., Climent, M.A., Valderrama, B.P., de Lia\u00f1o, A.G., and L\u00f3pez-Montero, L. (Eur. Urol. Oncol., 2024). Retifanlimab in Advanced Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma: The Phase 2 ORPHEUS Study, Eur. Urol. Oncol., in press."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.02233","article-title":"Final Results from a Phase I Trial and Expansion Cohorts of Cabozantinib and Nivolumab Alone or With Ipilimumab for Advanced\/Metastatic Genitourinary Tumors","volume":"42","author":"Apolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rouvinov, K., Mazor, G., Kozlener, E., Meirovitz, A., Shrem, N.S., Abu Saleh, O., Shalata, S., Yakobson, A., and Shalata, W. (2023). Cemiplimab as First Line Therapy in Advanced Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Real-World Experience. J. Pers. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13111623"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"TPS14","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.4_suppl.TPS14","article-title":"A Phase II Trial of Cemiplimab Alone or in Combination with Standard of Care Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Penile Carcinoma (EPIC Trial)","volume":"42","author":"Bahl","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33328","article-title":"Results of a Multicenter, Phase 2 Study of Nivolumab and Ipilimumab for Patients with Advanced Rare Genitourinary Malignancies","volume":"127","author":"McGregor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000347","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2019-000347","article-title":"Phase 2 Study of Pembrolizumab in Patients with Advanced Rare Cancers","volume":"8","author":"Naing","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3671","article-title":"Monocytes and Macrophages: Developmental Pathways and Tissue Homeostasis","volume":"14","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.01.013","article-title":"Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages: Novel Insights into Immunotherapy of Skin Cancer","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.03.014","article-title":"Macrophage Diversity Enhances Tumor Progression and Metastasis","volume":"141","author":"Qian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2016.217","article-title":"Tumour-Associated Macrophages as Treatment Targets in Oncology","volume":"14","author":"Mantovani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers6031670","article-title":"Tumor-Associated Macrophages as Major Players in the Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"6","author":"Chanmee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Song, Y., Du, W., Gong, L., Chang, H., and Zou, Z. (2019). Tumor-Associated Macrophages: An Accomplice in Solid Tumor Progression. J. Biomed. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0568-z"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s40487-022-00214-3","article-title":"Breast Cancer Survival Outcomes and Tumor-Associated Macrophage Markers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Allison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-024-03587-1","article-title":"Clinicopathologic and Prognostic Significance of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"27","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2022.106227","article-title":"The Prognostic Role of Tumor Associated Macrophages in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"135","author":"Bisheshar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2007.09.004","article-title":"Tie2-Expressing Monocytes: Regulation of Tumor Angiogenesis and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"28","author":"Murdoch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax6337","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aax6337","article-title":"Mannose Receptor (CD206) Activation in Tumor-Associated Macrophages Enhances Adaptive and Innate Antitumor Immune Responses","volume":"12","author":"Jaynes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000147748","article-title":"An Overview of Epithelio-Mesenchymal Transformation","volume":"154","author":"Hay","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0238-1","article-title":"A Framework for Advancing Our Understanding of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts","volume":"20","author":"Sahai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2017.12.003","article-title":"Extracellular Matrix Directs Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Activated Fibroblasts","volume":"67","author":"Avery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knops, A.M., South, A., Rodeck, U., Martinez-Outschoorn, U., Harshyne, L.A., Johnson, J., Luginbuhl, A.J., and Curry, J.M. (2020). Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Density, Prognostic Characteristics, and Recurrence in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis. Front. Oncol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.565306"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goulet, C.R., Champagne, A., Bernard, G., Vandal, D., Chabaud, S., Pouliot, F., and Bolduc, S. (2019). Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Induce Epithelial\u2013Mesenchymal Transition of Bladder Cancer Cells through Paracrine IL-6 Signalling. BMC Cancer, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5353-6"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2016.03.009","article-title":"Fibroblast Activation Protein Predicts Prognosis in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"54","author":"Errarte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Errarte, P., Guarch, R., Pulido, R., Blanco, L., Nunes-Xavier, C.E., Beitia, M., Gil, J., Angulo, J.C., Lopez, J.I., and Larrinaga, G. (2016). The Expression of Fibroblast Activation Protein in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinomas Is Associated with Synchronous Lymph Node Metastases. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169105"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cury, S.S., Kuasne, H., Souza, J.D.S., Mu\u00f1oz, J.J.M., da Silva, J.P., Lopes, A., Scapulatempo-Neto, C., Faria, E.F., Delaiss\u00e9, J.-M., and Marchi, F.A. (2022). Interplay Between Immune and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: A Path to Target Metalloproteinases in Penile Cancer. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.935093"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.02.029","article-title":"The 2016 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs\u2014Part A: Renal, Penile, and Testicular Tumours","volume":"70","author":"Moch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2008.063149","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Type Distribution in Penile Carcinoma","volume":"62","author":"Bruni","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-020-03510-7","article-title":"Penile Cancer: Potential Target for Immunotherapy?","volume":"39","author":"Vanthoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2019.09.013","article-title":"Morphology, P16, HPV, and Outcomes in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis: A Multi-Institutional Study","volume":"96","author":"Eich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(07)70137-7","article-title":"Molecular and Genetic Pathways in Penile Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Kayes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stankiewicz, E., Prowse, D.M., Ng, M., Cuzick, J., Mesher, D., Hiscock, F., Lu, Y.-J., Watkin, N., Corbishley, C., and Lam, W. (2011). Alternative HER\/PTEN\/Akt Pathway Activation in HPV Positive and Negative Penile Carcinomas. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017517"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.06.015","article-title":"mTOR Signaling Pathway in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma: pmTOR and peIF4E Over Expression Correlate with Aggressive Tumor Behavior","volume":"190","author":"Masferrer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.09.027","article-title":"The Impact of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C Immunoexpression on the Prognosis of Penile Carcinoma","volume":"187","author":"Motta","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-019-02607-8","article-title":"The Molecular Pathogenesis of Penile Carcinoma\u2014Current Developments and Understanding","volume":"475","author":"Emmanuel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"320","article-title":"Cervical Cancer: Screening, Diagnosis and Staging","volume":"21","author":"Tsikouras","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Buon"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31139","article-title":"Does HPV Status Influence Survival after Vulvar Cancer?","volume":"142","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2017.06.27","article-title":"Relationship between Human Papillomavirus and Penile Cancer\u2014Implications for Prevention and Treatment","volume":"6","author":"Kidd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-18-0322","article-title":"Prognostic Significance of HPV and P16 Status in Men Diagnosed with Penile Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"27","author":"Sand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0912217","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus and Survival of Patients with Oropharyngeal Cancer","volume":"363","author":"Ang","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2023.10.013","article-title":"Penile Cancers Attributed to Human Papillomavirus Are Associated with Improved Survival for Node-Positive Patients. Findings from a Norwegian Cohort Study Spanning 50 Years","volume":"7","author":"Moen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powell, S.F., Vu, L., Spanos, W.C., and Pyeon, D. (2021). The Key Differences between Human Papillomavirus-Positive and-Negative Head and Neck Cancers: Biological and Clinical Implications. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13205206"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2348002","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.48002","article-title":"Genomic Profiles and Clinical Outcomes of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Elevated Tumor Mutational Burden","volume":"6","author":"Necchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-17-0299","article-title":"Prognostic Significance of PD-L1+ and CD8+ Immune Cells in HPV+ Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Solomon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-2140","article-title":"Intratumoral HPV16-Specific T Cells Constitute a Type I\u2013Oriented Tumor Microenvironment to Improve Survival in HPV16-Driven Oropharyngeal Cancer","volume":"24","author":"Welters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2022.101671","article-title":"Tumor Associated Macrophage in HPV+ Tumors: Between Immunosuppression and Inflammation","volume":"Volume 65","author":"Gorvel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Seminars in Immunology"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-014-1713-4","article-title":"Human Papilloma Virus Status of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma Is Associated with Differences in Tumour-Infiltrating T Lymphocytes","volume":"466","author":"Lohneis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohse, S., Mink, J.N., Eckhart, L., Hans, M.C., Jusufi, L., Zwick, A., Mohr, T., Bley, I.A., Khalmurzaev, O., and Matveev, V.B. (2024). The Impact of the Tumor Microenvironment on the Survival of Penile Cancer Patients. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70855-z"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guimar\u00e3es, S.J.A., Vale, A.A.M., Rocha, M.C.B., Butarelli, A.L.D.A., da Silva, J.M., de Deus, A.J.S., Nogueira, L., Coelho, R.W.P., Pereira, S.R., and Azevedo-Santos, A.P.S. (2024). Human Papillomavirus Infection Affects the Immune Microenvironment and Antigen Presentation in Penile Cancer. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1463445"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23355-x","article-title":"B Cell Signatures and Tertiary Lymphoid Structures Contribute to Outcome in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Ruffin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0726-6","article-title":"Tumor-Infiltrating B Cells Affect the Progression of Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Cell-to-Cell Interactions with CD8+ T Cells","volume":"7","author":"Laco","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., and Dhalla, N.S. (2024). The Role of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021082"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S460","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2003.108","article-title":"2. Cytokines and Chemokines","volume":"111","author":"Borish","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12671","article-title":"Dynamic Balance of Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Signals Controls Disease and Limits Pathology","volume":"285","author":"Cicchese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2023.0103","article-title":"Interleukin-6 Family of Cytokines in Cancers","volume":"44","author":"Springer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21349","article-title":"Elements of Cancer Immunity and the Cancer\u2013Immune Set Point","volume":"541","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Wang, Y., Su, H., and Li, H. (2022). PD-L1 Is Associated with the Prognosis of Penile Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1013806"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.6.2095.bloodjournal8762095","article-title":"Biologic Basis for Interleukin-1 in Disease","volume":"87","author":"Dinarello","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Yin, Z., Cao, S., Gao, W., Liu, L., Yin, Y., Liu, P., and Shu, Y. (2013). Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Association between IL-1B Polymorphisms and Cancer Risk. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063654"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(02)00028-X","article-title":"Evolution of Interleukin-1\u03b2","volume":"13","author":"Bird","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor. Rev."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6448","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.12.6448","article-title":"Differential Effects of IL-1\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 on Tumorigenicity Patterns and Invasiveness","volume":"171","author":"Song","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.1.469","article-title":"Proinflammatory Cytokine IL-1\u03b2 Promotes Tumor Growth of Lewis Lung Carcinoma by Induction of Angiogenic Factors: In Vivo Analysis of Tumor-Stromal Interaction","volume":"169","author":"Saijo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00e9b\u00e9, C., and Ghiringhelli, F. (2020). Interleukin-1\u03b2 and Cancer. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12071791"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37398","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6054","article-title":"Expression of IL-1\u03b1 Correlates with Distant Metastasis in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Bothe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-011-0809-4","article-title":"Role of Interleukin 1 Beta in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"90","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-1603","article-title":"The Role of Interleukin 1 in Growth and Metastasis of Human Cancer Xenografts","volume":"12","author":"Elaraj","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190347","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190347","article-title":"Historical Overview of the Interleukin-6 Family Cytokine","volume":"217","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24580","article-title":"Pancreatic Cancer-Induced Cachexia Is Jak2-Dependent in Mice","volume":"229","author":"Gilabert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.748","article-title":"Interleukin-6 Released by Colon Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Is Critical for Tumour Angiogenesis: Anti-Interleukin-6 Receptor Antibody Suppressed Angiogenesis and Inhibited Tumour\u2013Stroma Interaction","volume":"110","author":"Nagasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, M.-F., Lin, P.-Y., Wu, C.-F., Chen, W.-C., and Wu, C.-T. (2013). IL-6 Expression Regulates Tumorigenicity and Correlates with Prognosis in Bladder Cancer. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061901"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21501","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 Signaling: A Tale of Two Responses","volume":"102","author":"Rahimi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30529","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 Signaling: A Recap of SMAD-independent and SMAD-dependent Pathways","volume":"237","author":"Aashaq","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01764-w","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 Signaling in Health, Disease, and Therapeutics","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.25496","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 Signaling in Cancer","volume":"117","author":"Syed","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boguslawska, J., Kryst, P., Poletajew, S., and Piekielko-Witkowska, A. (2019). TGF-\u03b2 and microRNA Interplay in Genitourinary Cancers. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121619"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-002-0245-6","article-title":"TGF-\u03921 in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"30","author":"Hegele","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urol. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20419","article-title":"An Intronic Variant of the TGFBR1 Gene Is Associated with Carcinomas of the Kidney and Bladder","volume":"112","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, L., Sun, B., Huang, L., Yuan, H., Zhang, S., Chen, J., Yu, Z., and Luo, H. (2017). Potent Inhibition of miR-34b on Migration and Invasion in Metastatic Prostate Cancer Cells by Regulating the TGF-\u03b2 Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122762"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(00)00199-5","article-title":"The Role of Gamma Interferon in Antimicrobial Immunity","volume":"4","author":"Shtrichman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762005000900024","article-title":"The Role of Interferon-Gamma on Immune and Allergic Responses","volume":"100","author":"Teixeira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mojic, M., Takeda, K., and Hayakawa, Y. (2017). The Dark Side of IFN-\u03b3: Its Role in Promoting Cancer Immunoevasion. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010089"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"192","article-title":"Perforin and Interferon-\u03b3 Activities Independently Control Tumor Initiation, Growth, and Metastasis","volume":"97","author":"Street","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35004","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000035004","article-title":"Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 3 (CDKN3) Upregulation Is Associated with Unfavorable Prognosis in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and Shapes Tumor Immune Microenvironment: A Bioinformatics Analysis","volume":"102","author":"Zahra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01742372","article-title":"Recombinant Human Interferon \u03b3 Exerts an Anti-Proliferative Effect and Modulates the Expression of Human Leukocyte Antigens A, B, C and DR in Human Urothelial Cell Lines","volume":"31","author":"Ottesen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czajkowski, M., Wierzbicki, P.M., Kotulak-Chrz\u0105szcz, A., Ma\\lkiewicz, B., Sosnowski, R., Kmie\u0107, Z., and Matuszewski, M. (2023). Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression in Penile Cancer: Preliminary Studies. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59091623"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0736-1","article-title":"Molecular Characterization and Integrative Genomic Analysis of a Panel of Newly Established Penile Cancer Cell Lines","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3893","article-title":"Inflammasomes: Mechanism of Action, Role in Disease, and Therapeutics","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2014.12.009","article-title":"Mechanisms of Inflammasome Activation: Recent Advances and Novel Insights","volume":"25","author":"Vanaja","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101011-155745","article-title":"Inflammasomes and Their Roles in Health and Disease","volume":"28","author":"Lamkanfi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10759","article-title":"Inflammasomes in Health and Disease","volume":"481","author":"Strowig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"Casanova-Mart\u00edn, C., Boaru, D.L., Fraile-Martinez, O., Garcia-Montero, C., De Leon-Oliva, D., De Castro-Martinez, P., Gimeno-Longas, M.J., Bujan, J., Garc\u00eda-Honduvilla, N., and Guijarro, L.G. (2024). Identification of New Tissue Markers for the Monitoring and Standardization of Penile Cancer According to the Degree of Differentiation. Histol. Histopathol., 18846."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.51725","article-title":"Molecular Stratification by BCL2A1 and AIM2 Provides Additional Prognostic Value in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01235-9","article-title":"Divergent Functions of NLRP3 Inflammasomes in Cancer: A Review","volume":"21","author":"Shadab","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saponaro, C., Scarpi, E., Sonnessa, M., Cioffi, A., Buccino, F., Giotta, F., Pastena, M.I., Zito, F.A., and Mangia, A. (2021). Prognostic Value of NLRP3 Inflammasome and TLR4 Expression in Breast Cancer Patients. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.705331"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00766-9","article-title":"NLRP3 Inflammasome Promoted the Malignant Progression of Prostate Cancer via the Activation of Caspase-1","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2013.126","article-title":"Deregulation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Hepatic Parenchymal Cells during Liver Cancer Progression","volume":"94","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45825","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17573","article-title":"Tumor Cell-Specific AIM2 Regulates Growth and Invasion of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Farshchian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28891","article-title":"Lack of Absent in Melanoma 2 (AIM2) Expression in Tumor Cells Is Closely Associated with Poor Survival in Colorectal Cancer Patients","volume":"135","author":"Dihlmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1388","article-title":"Cancer and the Chemokine Network","volume":"4","author":"Balkwill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazanietz, M.G., Durando, M., and Cooke, M. (2019). CXCL13 and Its Receptor CXCR5 in Cancer: Inflammation, Immune Response, and Beyond. Front. Endocrinol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00471"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.15625","article-title":"Role of the CXCL8-CXCR1\/2 Axis in Cancer and Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"7","author":"Ha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mo, M., Li, Y., and Hu, X. (2021). Serum CXCL5 Level Is Associated with Tumor Progression in Penile Cancer. Biosci. Rep., 41.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20202133"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8757","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S263980","article-title":"Serum CXCL13 Level Is Associated with Tumor Progression and Unfavorable Prognosis in Penile Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Mo","year":"2020","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6812","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.48939","article-title":"High Serum CCL20 Is Associated with Tumor Progression in Penile Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Mo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2083","article-title":"Integrating Cell-Signalling Pathways with NF-\u03baB and IKK Function","volume":"8","author":"Perkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17023","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.23","article-title":"NF-\u03baB Signaling in Inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2065","article-title":"Crosstalk in NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathways","volume":"12","author":"Oeckinghaus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13627","article-title":"NFKB1: A Suppressor of Inflammation, Ageing and Cancer","volume":"283","author":"Cartwright","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, W., Deng, L., Wang, H., and Wang, V.Y.-F. (2022). Atypical I\u03baB Bcl3 Enhances the Generation of the NF-\u03baB P52 Homodimer. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.930619"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00383-3","article-title":"Outer Membrane Protein A (OmpA): A New Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern That Interacts with Antigen Presenting Cells\u2014Impact on Vaccine Strategies","volume":"20","author":"Jeannin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1331","article-title":"Signaling via the NF\u03baB System","volume":"8","author":"Mitchell","year":"2016","journal-title":"WIREs Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6853","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203239","article-title":"Activators and Target Genes of Rel\/NF-\u03baB Transcription Factors","volume":"18","author":"Pahl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pennacchiotti, G., Vald\u00e9s-Guti\u00e9rrez, F., Gonz\u00e1lez-Arriagada, W.A., Montes, H.F., Parra, J.M.R., Guida, V.A., G\u00f3mez, S.E., Guerrero-Gimenez, M.E., Fernandez-Mu\u00f1oz, J.M., and Zoppino, F.C.M. (2021). SPINK7 Expression Changes Accompanied by HER2, P53 and RB1 Can Be Relevant in Predicting Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma at a Molecular Level. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86208-z"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2019-206161","article-title":"Expression of MMR System Genes Is Correlated to NF-kB in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"73","author":"Fonseca","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11180","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24358","article-title":"NFkB Hyperactivation Causes Invasion of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma with EGFR Overexpression and P120-Catenin down-Regulation","volume":"9","author":"Lehman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wierzbicki, P.M., Czajkowski, M., Kotulak-Chrz\u0105szcz, A., Bukowicz, J., Dzieciuch, K., Soko\u0142owska-Wojdy\u0142o, M., Kmie\u0107, Z., and Matuszewski, M. (2022). Altered mRNA Expression of NFKB1 and NFKB2 Genes in Penile Lichen Sclerosus, Penile Cancer and Zoon Balanitis. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247254"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3892\/ol_00000106","article-title":"Relationship among Human Papillomavirus Infection, p16INK4a, P53 and NF-\u03baB Activation in Penile Cancer from Northern Thailand","volume":"1","author":"Senba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21710","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15558","article-title":"Kinase Analysis of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma on Multiple Platforms to Identify Potential Therapeutic Targets","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.08.023","article-title":"Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment Factor Promotes Cancer Stemness via SPP1\u2013CD44 Axis","volume":"161","author":"Nallasamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29366-6","article-title":"Single-Cell and Spatial Analysis Reveal Interaction of FAP+ Fibroblasts and SPP1+ Macrophages in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11428","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.47432","article-title":"BET Inhibitor Suppresses Melanoma Progression via the Noncanonical NF-\u03baB\/SPP1 Pathway","volume":"10","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-023-00558-5","article-title":"SPP1 Is Associated with Adverse Prognosis and Predicts Immunotherapy Efficacy in Penile Cancer","volume":"17","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Genom."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48487","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R400025200","article-title":"C-Reactive Protein","volume":"279","author":"Black","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2015.04.020","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory Fitness, C-Reactive Protein and Lung Cancer Risk: A Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"51","author":"Pletnikoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23606","article-title":"C-reactive Protein and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review of Prospective Studies","volume":"123","author":"Tsilidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djv169","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv169","article-title":"Circulating Adipokines and Inflammatory Markers and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk","volume":"107","author":"Gunter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, M., Ma, Z., Zhang, X., Hang, D., Yin, R., Feng, J., Xu, L., and Shen, H. (2022). C-Reactive Protein and Cancer Risk: A Pan-Cancer Study of Prospective Cohort and Mendelian Randomization Analysis. BMC Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02506-x"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2011.02274.x","article-title":"Preoperative Circulating C-reactive Protein Levels Predict Pathological Aggressiveness in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Clinical Study","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-012-0147-3","article-title":"Tumoral CRP Expression in Thoracic Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancers Is Associated with Poor Outcomes","volume":"42","author":"Nakatsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surg. Today"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/00015458.2011.11680740","article-title":"Analysing the Serum Levels of Tumour Markers and Primary Tumour Data in Stage III Melanoma Patients in Correlation to the Extent of Lymph Node Metastases\u2014A Prospective Study in 231 Patients","volume":"111","author":"Neuss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Chir. Belg."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Ghazal, A., Steffens, S., Steinestel, J., Lehmann, R., Schnoeller, T.J., Schulte-Hostede, A., Wegener, G., Jentzmik, F., Schrader, M., and Kuczyk, M.A. (2013). Elevated C-Reactive Protein Values Predict Nodal Metastasis in Patients with Penile Cancer. BMC Urol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2490-13-53"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steffens, S., Al Ghazal, A., Steinestel, J., Lehmann, R., Wegener, G., Schnoeller, T.J., Cronauer, M.V., Jentzmik, F., Schrader, M., and Kuczyk, M.A. (2013). High CRP Values Predict Poor Survival in Patients with Penile Cancer. BMC Cancer, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-13-223"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.13379","article-title":"Clinical Significance of Preoperative C-reactive Protein and Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen Levels in Patients with Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"118","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21023","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8037","article-title":"Development of a New Outcome Prediction Model for Chinese Patients with Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma Based on Preoperative Serum C-Reactive Protein, Body Mass Index, and Standard Pathological Risk Factors: The TNCB Score Group System","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5466","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29080432","article-title":"Clinical Lymph Node Involvement as a Predictor for Cancer-Specific Survival in Patients with Penile Squamous Cell Cancer","volume":"29","author":"Kawase","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2017.762","article-title":"Serum Biomarkers to Predict Risk of Testicular and Penile Cancer in AMORIS","volume":"11","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2017","journal-title":"ecancermedicalscience"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbeau, I., Jacot, W., and Guiu, S. (2020). Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio as Prognostic and Predictive Factor in Breast Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12040958"},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"702","article-title":"The Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio: A Narrative Review","volume":"10","author":"Faria","year":"2016","journal-title":"ecancermedicalscience"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buonacera, A., Stancanelli, B., Colaci, M., and Malatino, L. (2022). Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio: An Emerging Marker of the Relationships between the Immune System and Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073636"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mortaz, E., Alipoor, S.D., Adcock, I.M., Mumby, S., and Koenderman, L. (2018). Update on Neutrophil Function in Severe Inflammation. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02171"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.52","article-title":"Neutrophils in Cancer: Neutral No More","volume":"16","author":"Coffelt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.06.016","article-title":"1. Lymphocytes","volume":"121","author":"Larosa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001266","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Trauma Patients","volume":"82","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, D., Huang, Q., Yang, F., Tian, W., Li, C., Ding, L., Fang, H.-C., and Zhao, Y. (2021). Serum Biomarkers to Differentiate Gram-Negative, Gram-Positive and Fungal Infection in Febrile Patients. J. Med. Microbiol., 70.","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001360"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Hou, M., Ding, Z., Liu, X., Shao, Y., and Li, X. (2021). Prognostic Value of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Neurol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.686983"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa1034","article-title":"The Neutrophil\u2013Lymphocyte Ratio and Incident Atherosclerotic Events: Analyses from Five Contemporary Randomized Trials","volume":"42","author":"Adamstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0472-y","article-title":"The Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Is Associated with Mortality in the General Population: The Rotterdam Study","volume":"34","author":"Fest","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2014-204071","article-title":"Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Count Ratio as an Early Indicator of Blood Stream Infection in the Emergency Department","volume":"32","author":"Lowsby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dju124","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dju124","article-title":"Prognostic Role of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Solid Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"106","author":"Templeton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5805","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-2245","article-title":"High Blood Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Is an Indicator of Poor Prognosis in Malignant Mesothelioma Patients Undergoing Systemic Therapy","volume":"16","author":"Kao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.3109\/1354750X.2010.491557","article-title":"Elevated Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Survival in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"15","author":"An","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-012-0872-5","article-title":"Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) as an Indicator of Poor Prognosis in Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Cedres","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2021.10.009","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Cancer Outcome in Locally Advanced Clear Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.14137","article-title":"Prognostic Significance of Common Preoperative Laboratory Variables in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, C., Bai, Y., Li, J., Zhang, G., Yang, L., Bi, C., Zhao, B., Yang, Y., Li, R., and Wu, H. (2020). Prognostic Value of Systemic Inflammatory Factors NLR, LMR, PLR and LDH in Penile Cancer. BMC Urol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-020-00628-z"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2018.06.008","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients Undergoing Inguinal Lymph Node Dissection","volume":"5","author":"Azizi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.4103\/UA.UA_112_20","article-title":"The Use of Preoperative Neutrophil\u2013Lymphocyte Ratio and Lymphocyte\u2013Monocyte Ratio in Predicting Survival and Groin Node Involvement of Patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Penis","volume":"13","author":"Jindal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urol. Ann."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641-e19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.04.015","article-title":"A Nomogram Incorporating PD-L1, NLR, and Clinicopathologic Features to Predict Inguinal Lymph Node Metastasis in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"Volume 38","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12001","article-title":"Up-regulation of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Expression and Catalytic Activity Is Associated with Immunosuppression and Poor Prognosis in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients","volume":"40","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Commun."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasuga, J., Kawahara, T., Takamoto, D., Fukui, S., Tokita, T., Tadenuma, T., Narahara, M., Fusayasu, S., Terao, H., and Izumi, K. (2016). Increased Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Is Associated with Disease-Specific Mortality in Patients with Penile Cancer. BMC Cancer, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-016-2443-6"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aju.2017.03.001","article-title":"Management of Penile Cancer in a Singapore Tertiary Hospital","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arab. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2013.10.007","article-title":"Prognostic Risk Stratification Derived from Individual Patient Level Data for Men with Advanced Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma Receiving First-Line Systemic Therapy","volume":"Volume 32","author":"Pond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buonerba, C., Di Lorenzo, G., Pond, G., Carten\u00ec, G., Scagliarini, S., Rozzi, A., Quevedo, F.J., Dorff, T., Nappi, L., and Lanzetta, G. (2016). Prognostic and Predictive Factors in Patients with Advanced Penile Cancer Receiving Salvage (2nd or Later Line) Systemic Treatment: A Retrospective, Multi-Center Study. Front. Pharmacol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00487"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/6\/2785\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:56:49Z","timestamp":1760029009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/6\/2785"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"references-count":203,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26062785"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26062785","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]}}}