{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T02:36:11Z","timestamp":1772678171158,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish National Science Center","award":["2014\/15\/B\/NZ5\/03499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/15\/B\/NZ5\/03499"]}]},{"name":"Polish National Science Center","award":["664\/272\/61\/71-1403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["664\/272\/61\/71-1403"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010609","name":"Medical University of Gda\u0144sk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014\/15\/B\/NZ5\/03499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/15\/B\/NZ5\/03499"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010609","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010609","name":"Medical University of Gda\u0144sk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["664\/272\/61\/71-1403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["664\/272\/61\/71-1403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010609","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tolerance to foetal tissues in pregnancy depends on the match between mother and child. CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are involved in peripheral tolerance, may facilitate this effect. Previous findings have indicated that the number of missing KIR ligands (MSLs) between mother and child correlates with the risk of gestational hypertension (GH) and preeclampsia (PE). This study tested whether Tregs are involved in the pathogenesis of gestational disorders. In total, 57 pregnant women participated, including 39 with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and 18 healthy controls. Treg phenotypes were evaluated using multicolour flow cytometry. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and their ligands were assessed using NGS and PCR-SSO typing. The correlation between the MSLs and Treg antigen expression was evaluated. The pregnancy-related hypertensive groups differ from the healthy control group in the frequency of particular Treg subsets. However, there was a correlation between an increasing number of MSLs and only one subset of Tregs, which was PD-1+ Tregs. Surprisingly, women suffering from GH or PE had a significantly higher percentage of PD-1+ Tregs than healthy pregnant women. The percentages of several other populations of Tregs, such as those expressing CCR4, CCR10, CD39, and CD73, were higher in healthy pregnant women than in those with GH or PE, but these numbers did not correlate with MSLs. The exhausted PD-1+ Treg cell subsets may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. It is also hypothesised that MSLrelated mechanisms trigger PD-1+ Treg expansion, but their increased number fails to provide protection against hypertensive conditions of pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26072860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T10:10:08Z","timestamp":1742551808000},"page":"2860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["PD1+ T Regulatory Cells Are Not Sufficient to Protect from Gestational Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5702-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martyna","family":"Tomaszewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"},{"name":"PolTREG S.A., 80-298 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8612-9344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Stefa\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8569-728X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"D\u0119bska-Zielkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5113-3300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Zamkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gameta Gdynia Center of Health, 81-347 Gdynia, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Piekarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6908-739X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogus\u0142aw","family":"Tymoniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of L\u00f3d\u017a, 92-213 L\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8564-0784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Adamski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3923-3157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Jassem-Bobowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Madej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5287-5210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Trzonkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"},{"name":"PolTREG S.A., 80-298 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1201-295X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia Maria","family":"Marek-Trzonkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science Cancer Immunology Group, University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-822 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Cellular Therapies, Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8366-5846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Zieli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"},{"name":"PolTREG S.A., 80-298 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042718-041717","article-title":"Regulatory T Cells and Human Disease","volume":"38","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. 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