{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:18Z","timestamp":1787028558885,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["DI-17-096274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DI-17-096274"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["RTC2019-006806-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTC2019-006806-1"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","award":["PI21\/00271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00271"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n and RETOS funds","award":["DI-17-096274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DI-17-096274"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n and RETOS funds","award":["RTC2019-006806-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTC2019-006806-1"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n and RETOS funds","award":["PI21\/00271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00271"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["DI-17-096274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DI-17-096274"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["RTC2019-006806-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTC2019-006806-1"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI21\/00271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00271"]}]},{"name":"ERDF","award":["DI-17-096274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DI-17-096274"]}]},{"name":"ERDF","award":["RTC2019-006806-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTC2019-006806-1"]}]},{"name":"ERDF","award":["PI21\/00271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/00271"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy of the small intestine triggered by gluten ingestion. Although the small bowel is the main organ affected, peripheral blood cell alterations have also been described in CD. We aimed to investigate immunological cell patterns in the blood of treated CD patients and in response to a 3-day gluten challenge (GC). Blood samples were collected from 10 patients with CD and 8 healthy controls on a gluten-free diet at baseline and 6 days after initiating the GC. All the samples were analyzed by spectral flow cytometry using a 34-marker panel. We found that patients with CD displayed a lower proportion of memory B cells compared to healthy controls, both at baseline and post-GC. Additionally, we observed the previously reported activated gut-homing CD4+, CD8+, and TCR\u03b3\u03b4+ T lymphocytes on day 6 post-GC, and found the CD8+ subpopulation to be the most readily identifiable by flow cytometry. Importantly, the CCR9 marker proved effective in enhancing the selection of these gluten-responsive T cells, offering the potential for increased diagnostic accuracy. Spectral flow cytometry involves a complex data analysis, but it offers valuable insights into previously unexplored immunological responses and enables in-depth cell characterization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26072877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T07:46:50Z","timestamp":1742802410000},"page":"2877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Elucidating Immune Cell Changes in Celiac Disease: Revealing New Insights from Spectral Flow Cytometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"G\u00f3mez-Aguililla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Gen\u00e9tica de Enfermedades Complejas, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Farrais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, IIS-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Senosiain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"L\u00f3pez-Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Arau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Mutua Terrassa, 08221 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7100-846X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngela","family":"Ruiz-Carnicer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebeca","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Terapias Innovadoras, CIEMAT y Unidad de Terapias Avanzadas, IIS-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz y Universidad Aut\u00f3noma, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Corzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Gen\u00e9tica de Enfermedades Complejas, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0822-1778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Casado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Anatom\u00eda Patol\u00f3gica, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hopital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar","family":"Pujals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Mutua Terrassa, 08221 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Bodas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Pediatr\u00eda, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9235-9496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, 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