{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T19:46:20Z","timestamp":1789069580695,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":302,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a condition wherein excessive fat accumulates in the liver, leading to inflammation and potential liver damage. In this narrative review, we evaluate the tissue microbiota, how they arise and their constituent microbes, and the role of the intestinal and hepatic microbiota in MASLD. The history of bacteriophages (phages) and their occurrence in the microbiota, their part in the potential causation of MASLD, and conversely, \u201cphage therapy\u201d for antibiotic resistance, obesity, and MASLD, are all described. The microbiota metabolism of bile acids and dietary tryptophan and histidine is defined, together with the impacts of their individual metabolites on MASLD pathogenesis. Both periodontitis and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis may cause MASLD, and how individual microorganisms and their metabolites are involved in these processes is discussed. Novel treatment opportunities for MASLD involving the microbiota exist and include fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, tryptophan dietary supplements, intermittent fasting, and phages or their holins and endolysins. Although FDA is yet to approve phage therapy in clinical use, there are multiple FDA-approved clinical trials, and this may represent a new horizon for the future treatment of MASLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26072882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T07:46:50Z","timestamp":1742802410000},"page":"2882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Microbiome and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9882-5841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diren","family":"Beyo\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Idle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beyoglu, D., Popov, Y.V., and Idle, J.R. 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