{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:39:14Z","timestamp":1787765954299,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carnitine plays an essential role in maintaining energy homeostasis and metabolic flexibility. Various medications, such as pivalate-conjugated antibiotics, valproic acid, and anticancer agents, can induce carnitine deficiency, inhibit the utilization of fatty acid, and contribute to the development of hypoglycemia. No studies have linked oral semaglutide to carnitine deficiency. Herein, we report the case of a 34-year-old male patient with multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency who developed carnitine deficiency attributable to salcaprozic acid sodium (SNAC) in oral semaglutide. The patient was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus at 32 years of age and was treated with semaglutide injections. Hypoglycemic symptoms appeared after switching to oral semaglutide, and the mean levels of blood-free carnitine significantly decreased. Liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed a peak corresponding to the SNAC\u2013carnitine complex (m\/z 423.24) in the urine exclusively during the oral administration of semaglutide. The MS\/MS spectra at m\/z 423.24 contained peaks consistent with those of the SNAC and carnitine product ions. Our results suggest that through complexation with carnitine, SNAC may induce carnitine deficiency. Healthcare providers should monitor for carnitine deficiency when administering SNAC-containing medications to at-risk individuals. Furthermore, this case can raise more significant concerns about the potential impact of pharmaceutical excipients like SNAC on metabolic pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26072962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T05:35:03Z","timestamp":1742880903000},"page":"2962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Carnitine Deficiency Caused by Salcaprozic Acid Sodium Contained in Oral Semaglutide in a Patient with Multiple Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yasuko","family":"Mikami-Saito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6723-0298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masamitsu","family":"Maekawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinichiro","family":"Hosaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9167-2336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kei","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eriko","family":"Totsune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natsuko","family":"Arai-Ichinoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1002-8739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsuo","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeo","family":"Kure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Katagiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoichi","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3610417","article-title":"Carnitine Biosynthesis in Mammals","volume":"361","author":"Vaz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. 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