{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:09:22Z","timestamp":1792037362888,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Talents Construction Project of Science and Technology Innovation, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences","award":["C21R1004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C21R1004"]}]},{"name":"Talents Construction Project of Science and Technology Innovation, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences","award":["B2022003048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2022003048"]}]},{"name":"Talents Construction Project of Science and Technology Innovation, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences","award":["CARS-15-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-15-19"]}]},{"name":"Advanced Programs of Postdoctoral Research Projects","award":["C21R1004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C21R1004"]}]},{"name":"Advanced Programs of Postdoctoral Research Projects","award":["B2022003048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2022003048"]}]},{"name":"Advanced Programs of Postdoctoral Research Projects","award":["CARS-15-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-15-19"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","award":["C21R1004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C21R1004"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","award":["B2022003048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2022003048"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","award":["CARS-15-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-15-19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacillus subtilis NCD-2 demonstrates exceptional biocontrol potential against cotton Verticillium wilt. While previous studies have established its direct antifungal activity (e.g., inhibiting Verticillium dahliae mycelial growth and spore germination), our work reveals a novel mechanism: NCD-2 primes systemic resistance in cotton by activating plant immune-signaling pathways. Firstly, transcriptional profiling uncovered that NCD-2 triggers a defense response in roots analogous to V. dahliae infection, allowing cotton to maintain a more balanced state when confronted with pathogen attacks. Meanwhile, the mutant strains \u2206fen and \u2206srf\u2014defective in lipopeptide synthesis\u2014also improved cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt by activating partially identical defense pathways in cotton roots. Furthermore, the application of lipopeptide compounds derived from NCD-2, particularly surfactin and fengycin, could enhance host resistance to V. dahliae. Using an RT-qPCR approach, we found that numerous resistance-related genes were induced by these lipopeptide compounds. The up-regulation of SA\/JA pathway markers (e.g., NPR1, ICS1, COI1, and LOX1) revealed NCD-2\u2019s activation of plant immune signaling. Using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), we conclusively linked SA and JA signaling to NCD-2-induced defense priming. Silencing either pathway abolished resistance, highlighting their indispensable coordination. By bridging mechanistic insights and agricultural applicability, our work positions NCD-2 as a sustainable alternative to conventional fungicides, addressing both crop productivity and environmental health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26072987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T12:18:52Z","timestamp":1742905132000},"page":"2987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Defense Responses Stimulated by Bacillus subtilis NCD-2 Through Salicylate- and Jasmonate-Dependent Signaling Pathways Protect Cotton Against Verticillium Wilt"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shaojing","family":"Mo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Centre of Hebei Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weisong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Centre of Hebei Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8035-0155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yarui","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Centre of Hebei Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8182-6688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhe","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Centre of Hebei Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shezeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Centre of Hebei Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuyun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Centre of Hebei Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Centre of Hebei Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanhang","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Centre of Hebei Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peipei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Centre of Hebei Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihong","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Centre of Hebei Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9740-5148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Centre of Hebei Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding 071000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinggang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Centre of Hebei Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Ministry 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