{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:36:43Z","timestamp":1792449403068,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia","award":["FRGS\/1\/2023\/SKK11\/UKM\/03\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2023\/SKK11\/UKM\/03\/1"]}]},{"name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","award":["FRGS\/1\/2023\/SKK11\/UKM\/03\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2023\/SKK11\/UKM\/03\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in reducing oral inflammation is thoroughly examined in this review, with an emphasis on gingivitis, periodontitis, and oral mucositis. It explains the complex relationship between microbial dysbiosis and host immune responses in the aetiology of oral inflammation. Pathophysiological mechanisms of periodontitis are examined, emphasising the roles played by periodontal pathogens and inflammatory mediators in the disease\u2019s chronic course and systemic effects. Preclinical research is providing new evidence that EVs originating from various cellular sources control immune cell dynamics towards a pro-healing phenotype, promote tissue regeneration, and have immunomodulatory qualities. EV-based therapies appear to be a promising new therapeutic technique with potential benefits over traditional methods for the treatment of oral inflammatory illnesses by specifically altering inflammatory signalling pathways. This review highlights the potential of EVs to improve patient outcomes in oral health and emphasises the need for additional clinical research to clarify the therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanisms of EVs in periodontal therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T06:58:43Z","timestamp":1742972323000},"page":"3031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles in Oral Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yan Rou","family":"Farm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing Huan","family":"Chuah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9045-5145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia Xian","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3838-9141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin Fang","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6679-9319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masfueh","family":"Razali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0200-086X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sook Luan","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13104","article-title":"Implementation of the new classification of periodontal diseases: Decision-making algorithms for clinical practice and education","volume":"46","author":"Tonetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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