{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:04:24Z","timestamp":1760058264222,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wroclaw Medical University","award":["SUBZ.E260.24.047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.E260.24.047"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The SCORE (Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation) scale is useful for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk stratification. However, there is a new biomarker, namely, galectin-3 (gal-3), that offers additional predictive value. This cross-sectional study assessed the relationship between serum gal-3 concentrations and CVD risk based on the SCORE scale in a Polish cohort from the PURE study. A total of 259 participants with complete cholesterol, blood pressure (BP), and smoking data were included. Individuals with myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes, or renal failure were excluded. Gal-3 concentrations were measured using ELISA, and statistical analyses examined associations with SCORE categories. The median gal-3 concentration was 221.32(161.64\u2013360.00) ng\/mL. Higher gal-3 concentrations were found in older individuals, smokers, and those with elevated BP(p &lt; 0.05). Positive correlations were observed with SCORE values (r = 0.39) and systolic BP (r = 0.64). Participants with SCORE \u22655% had significantly higher gal-3 concentrations. ROC analysis showed moderate diagnostic value for SCORE \u2265 10% (sensitivity 0.618 and specificity 0.810). Higher SCORE and diastolic BP are independent risk factors for increased galectin-3 concentrations, explaining 79.5% of the variance in the studied group. Serum gal-3 is significantly associated with CVD risk estimated by SCORE, supporting its potential role in risk stratification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T04:11:40Z","timestamp":1743135100000},"page":"3064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk in the PURE Poland Cohort Study Using the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) Scale and Galectin-3 Concentrations: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3620-6380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Martuszewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, 50-345 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Specialist Hospital in Walbrzych, Soko\u0142owskiego 4, 58-309 Wa\u0142brzych, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5701-9349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja","family":"Paluszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Specialist Hospital in Walbrzych, Soko\u0142owskiego 4, 58-309 Wa\u0142brzych, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medical Service, Wroclaw Medical University, Bartla 5, 50-367 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Po\u0142tyn-Zaradna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Research and Prevention of Civilization Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-372 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kusner\u017c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, 50-345 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Por\u0119ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Principles of Physical Activity, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Szuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Angiology and Internal Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8366-0239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Ga\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, 50-345 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Centre of Diagnostic Imaging, 4th Military Hospital, Weigla 5, 50-981 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3772-5588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Zato\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Research and Prevention of Civilization Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-372 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz859","article-title":"European Society of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2019","volume":"41","author":"Timmis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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