{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T22:26:48Z","timestamp":1789770408972,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["202401AT070076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202401AT070076"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects","award":["202401BA070001-067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202401BA070001-067"]}]},{"name":"Special Basic Cooperative Research Programs of Yunnan Provincial Undergraduate Universities\u2019 Association","award":["202401AT070076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202401AT070076"]}]},{"name":"Special Basic Cooperative Research Programs of Yunnan Provincial Undergraduate Universities\u2019 Association","award":["202401BA070001-067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202401BA070001-067"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In a hidden corner of the Earth, an ongoing war is being waged: a battle between lichens and microorganisms. Lichens, ancient and unique symbiotic organisms, with their unique survival wisdom, are bursting with vitality in extreme environments. Over 80% of secondary metabolites in lichens are not found in other organisms, making lichen-derived compounds a promising resource for the development of new drugs, particularly against drug-resistant microorganisms, due to their distinctive chemical structures and biological activities. This article aims to explore in depth the lichen species exhibiting antimicrobial activity and their antimicrobial metabolites and focus on unique compounds such as divaricatic acid, usnic acid, vulpinic acid, salazinic acid, and rhizocarpic acid, which demonstrate significant antimicrobial effects against various resistant microorganisms, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Candida albicans and other drug-resistant microorganisms. Meanwhile, this paper discusses the potential applications and challenges associated with the use of lichens in medicine, agriculture, and food industry, aiming to elucidate these mysterious organisms for lichen researchers and enthusiasts while promoting further research and applications in the field of antimicrobials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T13:36:49Z","timestamp":1743169009000},"page":"3136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Unassuming Lichens: Nature\u2019s Hidden Antimicrobial Warriors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hongqiao","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junlin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangrong","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5540-2339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaojiang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3390\/applmicrobiol1020015","article-title":"MicroCT as a Useful Tool for Analysing the 3D Structure of Lichens and Quantifying Internal Cephalodia in Lobaria pulmonaria","volume":"1","author":"Gerasimova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. 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