{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T11:42:55Z","timestamp":1784979775827,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Frontiers Research Center of the Hadal Biosphere","award":["34050002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["34050002"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Frontiers Research Center of the Hadal Biosphere","award":["82173731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173731"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Frontiers Research Center of the Hadal Biosphere","award":["HIDROXIDEN 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIDROXIDEN 2023"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["34050002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["34050002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82173731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173731"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HIDROXIDEN 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIDROXIDEN 2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spain funding agency MEMORIA T\u00c9CNICO-ECON\u00d3MICA","award":["34050002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["34050002"]}]},{"name":"Spain funding agency MEMORIA T\u00c9CNICO-ECON\u00d3MICA","award":["82173731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173731"]}]},{"name":"Spain funding agency MEMORIA T\u00c9CNICO-ECON\u00d3MICA","award":["HIDROXIDEN 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIDROXIDEN 2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>L-arginine, a semi-essential amino acid, is well-documented for its role in nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, its anti-inflammatory properties, and its modulation of immune responses. Studies suggest it may improve gut barrier function and reduce inflammation in conditions such as colitis or sepsis. However, its specific efficacy in diabetic enteropathy (a complication of diabetes involving intestinal dysfunction, inflammation, and neuropathy) is less studied. To verify whether L-arginine and silkworm pupae components have a role in the treatment of diabetic enteropathy via the regulation of other cytokines and suppression of CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation, a special medical-purpose formula containing both of these components was tested. For the first time, we have integrated L-arginine and silkworm pupae protein into enteral nutrition formulations for testing its anti-inflammatory potential. We have found that these formulations can improve the characteristics of diabetic intestinal inflammation through nutrient-modulating effects and nutritional efficacy. In addition, L-arginine (L-arginine, L-arg) enhances the immunomodulatory effects of special medical purpose formulas for diabetes mellitus. We utilized an oxidative stress model of small intestinal epithelial cells induced by high glucose and an inflammation model of the small intestine triggered by lipopolysaccharide in mice. The aim was to further investigate the protective effects of L-arginine and enteral nutritional preparations derived from silkworm pupae protein components on the intestinal tract. This research seeks to establish a theoretical foundation for understanding how L-arginine and these nutritional preparations regulate intestinal inflammation in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T03:25:02Z","timestamp":1743391502000},"page":"3209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immunomodulatory Effects of L-Arginine-Modified Silkworm Pupae Protein Enteral Nutrition on Murine Intestinal Morphology and Immunity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Bio-Pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4267-8429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Bio-Pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Bio-Pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakshmi","family":"Jeevithan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Bio-Pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM-Universidad Catolica San-Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunxiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Bio-Pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Bio-Pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1710-8582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenhui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Bio-Pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"National R&D Branch Center for Freshwater Aquatic Products Processing Technology, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533614561791","article-title":"Enteral nutrition formula selection: Current evidence and implications for practice","volume":"30","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. 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