{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:58:56Z","timestamp":1787068736128,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society (US)","award":["RG-2111\u201338733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-2111\u201338733"]}]},{"name":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society (US)","award":["NS112727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS112727"]}]},{"name":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society (US)","award":["AI144004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI144004"]}]},{"name":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society (US)","award":["A10270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A10270"]}]},{"name":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society (US)","award":["A30967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A30967"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["RG-2111\u201338733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-2111\u201338733"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["NS112727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS112727"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["AI144004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI144004"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["A10270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A10270"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["A30967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A30967"]}]},{"name":"Henry Ford Health Internal Support","award":["RG-2111\u201338733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-2111\u201338733"]}]},{"name":"Henry Ford Health Internal Support","award":["NS112727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS112727"]}]},{"name":"Henry Ford Health Internal Support","award":["AI144004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI144004"]}]},{"name":"Henry Ford Health Internal Support","award":["A10270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A10270"]}]},{"name":"Henry Ford Health Internal Support","award":["A30967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A30967"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a preclinical animal model widely used to study multiple sclerosis (MS). Blood-based analytes, including cytokines and neural biomarkers are the predictors of neurodegeneration, disease activity, and disability in patients with MS. However, understudied confounding factors cause variation in reports on EAE across animal strains\/studies, limiting the utility of these biomarkers for predicting disease activity. In this study, we investigated blood-based analyte profiles, including neural markers (NFL and GFAP) and cytokines (IL-6, IL-17, IL-12p70, IL-10, and TNF-\u03b1), in two clinically distinct EAE models: relapsing-remitting (RR)-EAE and chronic-EAE. Ultrasensitive single-molecule array technology (SIMOA, Quanterix) was used to profile the analytes in the blood plasma of mice at the acute, chronic, and progressive phases of disease. In both models, NFL was substantially increased during post-disease onset across all phases, with a pronounced increase observed in chronic-EAE. The leakage of GFAP into peripheral blood was also greater after disease onset in both EAE models, especially in the acute phase of chronic-EAE. Among all cytokines, only IL-10 had consistently lower levels in both EAE models throughout the course of disease. This study suggests NFL, GFAP, and IL-10 as potential translational predictors of disease activity in EAE, making them potential candidates as surrogate markers for the preclinical testing of therapeutic interventions in animal models of MS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T07:00:45Z","timestamp":1743490845000},"page":"3258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Profiling Blood-Based Neural Biomarkers and Cytokines in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model of Multiple Sclerosis Using Single-Molecule Array Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9919-1959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Insha","family":"Zahoor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajad","family":"Mir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7123-829X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shailendra","family":"Giri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl075","article-title":"Understanding pathogenesis and therapy of multiple sclerosis via animal models: 70 years of merits and culprits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis research","volume":"129","author":"Gold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.08.014","article-title":"Virtues and pitfalls of EAE for the development of therapies for multiple sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Steinman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20913","article-title":"How to successfully apply animal studies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to research on multiple sclerosis","volume":"60","author":"Steinman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. 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