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Most RDDs lack appropriate animal models for their study, which affects understanding their disease mechanisms and delays the progress of new treatment development. Recent advances in stem cell engineering, omics, and organoid technology are facilitating research into diseases for which there are no previously existing models. The development of retinal organoids produced from human stem cells has impacted the study of retinal development as well as the development of in vitro models of diseases, opening possibilities for applications in regenerative medicine, drug discovery, and precision medicine. In this review, we recapitulate research in the retinal organoid models for RDD, mentioning some of the main pathways underlying retinal neurodegeneration that can be studied in these new models, as well as their limitations and future challenges in this rapidly advancing field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T07:00:45Z","timestamp":1743490845000},"page":"3263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Retinal Organoids: Innovative Tools for Understanding Retinal Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Nadia","family":"Galindo-Cabello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8269-9158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Caballano-Infantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Pathophysiology and Therapies, Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre (CABIMER), Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Avda. Am\u00e9rico Vespucio 24, 41092 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9311-5023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregorio","family":"Benites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvador","family":"Pastor-Idoate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Hospital of Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5752-0205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Diaz-Corrales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Pathophysiology and Therapies, Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre (CABIMER), Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Avda. Am\u00e9rico Vespucio 24, 41092 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7699-4388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Usategui-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30393-5","article-title":"Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990\u20132020: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Flaxman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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