{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T13:59:53Z","timestamp":1784210393238,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"People\u2019s Republic of China Wildlife Protection Program of the Central Forestry Reform and Development Fund of the State Forestry Administration, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31470570"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31470570"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>DNA methylation is a common epigenetic modification of DNA levels in the genome of eukaryotic cells, and an aberrant elevation of DNA methylation in gene promoter regions can inhibit gene expression. DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are involved in genomic DNA methylation, divided into maintenance DNA methyltransferases and de novo methylases, which are expressed to different degrees in the testis and ovaries. 5-aza-2\u2032-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) is a cytidine analog with a strong methylation inhibition. In this experiment, medaka fish fries were treated with 5-aza-dC at 0 \u03bcg\/L, 50 \u03bcg\/L, and 100 \u03bcg\/L. It was found that 100 g\/L concentration of 5-aza-dC inhibited both body length and body weight of the adult fish, while 50 g\/L concentration had no significant difference. In addition, paraffin section observation and gonad index statistics showed that after 100 g\/L concentration of 5-aza-dC treatment, the gonad index of female fish increased significantly, but the gonad index of male fish had no significant difference. And the development of sperms and ovaries was normal without significant difference. Finally, we found that 5-aza-dC not only significantly decreased the transcription levels of dnmt1 and dnmt3bb.1, but also significantly increased the expression levels of female-related genes such as foxl2, cyp19a1 and wnt4, and significantly decreased the expression levels of male-related genes such as dmrt1, sox9a and amh. The DNA methylation patterns of foxl2 and dmrt1 genes were altered. This work provides more references for understanding the mechanism of DNA methylation affecting sex determination in fish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T04:06:05Z","timestamp":1743566765000},"page":"3280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Treatment with a DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitor 5-aza-dC on Sex Differentiation in Medaka (Oryzias latipes)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Health, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liumeiyang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Health, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Health, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Health, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1667008","article-title":"Maternal and zygotic Dnmt1 are necessary and sufficient for the maintenance of DNA methylation imprints during preimplantation development","volume":"22","author":"Hirasawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20210777","article-title":"X-chromosome reactivation: A concise review","volume":"49","author":"Spaziano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. 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