{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:15:21Z","timestamp":1789434921425,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pathological mechanisms underlying the ligature mark in hanging involve the skin layers and an ischemic mechanism. The apoptotic process develops whenever ischemic mechanisms affect the dermal and epidermal layers. Effector caspase-3 appears to play a crucial role in both acute and chronic pressure-induced skin ischemia. The aim of this study is to identify the role of caspase-3 as a marker of supravitality in the diagnosis of premortem hanging. Skin samples from ligature marks in hanging cases were collected to investigate this apoptotic process. The caspase-3 levels in compressed skin were significantly higher compared to those found in healthy skin (p &lt; 0.005). The apoptotic process in ischemic epidermal cells begins with stable mechanical stress, as seen in the hanging model. Caspase-3 expression seems to vary from minutes after the initial stress input. Caspase-3 activation is an ATP-dependent process and can only occur if the victim was alive before the pressure was applied. Caspase-3 is a reliable marker of supravitality in ligature marks in premortem hanging cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T16:26:31Z","timestamp":1743611191000},"page":"3317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of Apoptotic Caspase-3 Immunopositivity in Human Model of Asphyxial Death"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6934-9791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Del Duca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9434-2604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Treglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3433-7122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"La Russa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"De Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6464-3249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Cipolloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aniello","family":"Maiese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0358-7965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Frati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bose, K. 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