{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:49:21Z","timestamp":1789094961647,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rose-Stiftung"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Huntington\u2019s disease is a progressive, untreatable neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the Huntingtin gene. Next to neurodegeneration, altered immune activation is involved in disease progression. Since central nervous system inflammation and dysfunction of immune cells are recognized as driving characteristics, immunomodulation might represent an additional therapeutic strategy. Short-chain fatty acids were known to have immunomodulatory effects in neuroinflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. In this study, R6\/2 mice were treated daily with 150 mM propionate. Survival range, body weight, and motor abilities were monitored. In striatal and cortical samples, neuronal survival was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining of NeuN-positive cells and expression levels of BDNF mRNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction. As inflammatory marker TNF\u03b1 mRNA and IL-6 mRNA were quantified by rtPCR, iNOS-expressing cells were counted in immunologically stained brain slides. Microglial activation was evaluated by immunofluorescent staining of IBA1-positive cells and total IBA1 protein by Western Blot, in addition, SPI1 mRNA expression was quantified by rtPCR. Except for clasping behavior, propionate treatment did neither improve the clinical course nor mediated neuronal protection in R6\/2 mice. Yet there was a mild anti-inflammatory effect in the CNS, with (i) reduction in SPI1-mRNA levels, (ii) reduced iNOS positive cells in the motor cortex, and (iii) normalized TNF\u03b1-mRNA in the motor cortex of propionate-treated R6\/2 mice. Thus, Short-chain fatty acids, as an environmental factor in the diet, may slightly alleviate symptoms by down-regulating inflammatory factors in the central nervous system. However, they cannot prevent clinical disease progression or neuronal loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T16:19:16Z","timestamp":1743610756000},"page":"3318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Examination of Anti-Inflammatory Effects After Propionate Supplementation in the R6\/2 Mouse Model of Huntington\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4525-7224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Center of Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Witten\/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Blusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Brain Disease Biomarker Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 221 84 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9046-3943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwaseun","family":"Fatoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Saft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisa","family":"Ellrichmann-Wilms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Chair of Neurology II, Witten\/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neueder, A., Landles, C., Ghosh, R., Howland, D., Myers, R.H., Faull, R.L.M., Tabrizi, S.J., and Bates, G.P. 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