{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:25:54Z","timestamp":1790486754325,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U23A200206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U23A200206"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32061123004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32061123004"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["lzujbky-2022-ct04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["lzujbky-2022-ct04"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["U23A200206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U23A200206"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["32061123004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32061123004"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["lzujbky-2022-ct04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["lzujbky-2022-ct04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimony and copper can contaminate vegetables and enter the human body through the digestive tract, inducing severe and extensive biotoxicity. However, the role of bile acids (BAs) in the pathogenesis of liver inflammation by antimony or copper has not been elucidated. Our results indicated that antimony and\/or copper induced liver inflammation, causing the disruption of gut microbiota, with the down-regulation of probiotics and up-regulation of harmful bacteria closely correlated to liver inflammation. Targeted metabolomics of BAs showed that antimony and\/or copper significantly up-regulated the levels of taurine-\u03b2-muricholic acid (T-\u03b2-MCA) in serum and liver, which was due to the reduction of Lactobacillus spp. A farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonist, T-\u03b2-MCA inhibited the FXR-SHP pathway in liver and FXR-FGF15 pathway in ileum, thereby promoting the transcription of cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and increasing total bile acid concentrations, ultimately leading to liver inflammation. These findings provide new insights into the underlying mechanisms of antimony- and\/or copper-induced liver inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T04:33:43Z","timestamp":1743654823000},"page":"3332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolite Taurine-\u03b2-Muricholic Acid Contribute to Antimony- and\/or Copper-Induced Liver Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Dandan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiwen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senao","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaorui","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Shou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuefeng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keyi","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1276-6762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zunji","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-023-04614-7","article-title":"An Overview of Bacteria-Mediated Heavy Metal Bioremediation Strategies","volume":"196","author":"Roy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.10.072","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment of agricultural soils in a typical peri-urban area in southeast China","volume":"207","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7865-9","article-title":"Health risk assessment of heavy metals in wheat using different water qualities: Implication for human health","volume":"24","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1578-5","article-title":"Copper and Zinc Nutritional Issues for Agricultural Animal Production","volume":"188","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.02.011","article-title":"Antimony bioavailability: Knowledge and research perspectives for sustainable agricultures","volume":"289","author":"Pierart","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140429","article-title":"Gut microbiota: A target for heavy metal toxicity and a probiotic protective strategy","volume":"742","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Periferakis, A., Caruntu, A., Periferakis, A.T., Scheau, A.E., Badarau, I.A., Caruntu, C., and Scheau, C. (2022). Availability, Toxicology and Medical Significance of Antimony. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084669"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-014-1355-y","article-title":"Copper: Toxicological relevance and mechanisms","volume":"88","author":"Gaetke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146082","article-title":"Arsenic or\/and antimony induced mitophagy and apoptosis associated with metabolic abnormalities and oxidative stress in the liver of mice","volume":"777","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110236","article-title":"Copper sulfate-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress promotes hepatic apoptosis by activating CHOP, JNK and caspase-12 signaling pathways","volume":"191","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22204","article-title":"Coordinate regulation of gallbladder motor function in the gut-liver axis","volume":"47","author":"Portincasa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R054114","article-title":"Intestinal transport and metabolism of bile acids","volume":"56","author":"Dawson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2013.tb00517.x","article-title":"Bile acid metabolism and signaling","volume":"3","author":"Chiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1671","article-title":"Metabolic Profiling of Bile Acids in the Urine of Patients with Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease","volume":"5","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2015.01.004","article-title":"Bile acid nuclear receptor FXR and digestive system diseases","volume":"5","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000178994.21828.a7","article-title":"The Farnesoid X receptor: A molecular link between bile acid and lipid and glucose metabolism","volume":"25","author":"Claudel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.113.008201","article-title":"Bile acid signaling in metabolic disease and drug therapy","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2013.08.015","article-title":"Bile acid receptors in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.01.036","article-title":"FXR Regulates Intestinal Cancer Stem Cell Proliferation","volume":"176","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42846","article-title":"Combined deletion of Fxr and Shp in mice induces Cyp17a1 and results in juvenile onset cholestasis","volume":"121","author":"Anakk","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.85","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in NAFLD","volume":"13","author":"Leung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105444","article-title":"Baicalin and the liver-gut system: Pharmacological bases explaining its therapeutic effects","volume":"165","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1778","article-title":"Western Diet Changes Gut Microbiota and Ameliorates Liver Injury in a Mouse Model with Human-Like Bile Acid Composition","volume":"5","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.09.017","article-title":"Gut-liver axis: Pathophysiological concepts and clinical implications","volume":"34","author":"Tilg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Liu, L., Zhong, Y., Wang, M., Ai, Y., Hou, Y., Chen, H., Lin, X., Zhang, Y., and Ding, M. (2023). Gut microbiota-bile acids-glucagon like peptide-1 axis contributes the resistance to high fat diet-induced obesity in mice. J. Nutr. Biochem., 117.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2023.109358"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s40066-024-00507-y","article-title":"Urban agriculture as an evolved sustainable urban livelihood: Evidence from Kampala city, Uganda","volume":"13","author":"Kwiringira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agric. Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.04.101","article-title":"Cadmium, copper and lead levels in different cultivars of lettuce and soil from urban agriculture","volume":"242","author":"Knupp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, X., Song, X., Zheng, Q., Liu, C., Li, K., Luo, Q., Chen, J., Wang, Z., and Luo, J. (2022). Frontier Materials for Adsorption of Antimony and Arsenic in Aqueous Environments: A Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710824"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teschke, R. (2024). Copper, Iron, Cadmium, and Arsenic, All Generated in the Universe: Elucidating Their Environmental Impact Risk on Human Health Including Clinical Liver Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126662"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamamah, S., Iatcu, O.C., and Covasa, M. (2024). Dietary Influences on Gut Microbiota and Their Role in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD). Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010143"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sold\u00e1n, M., Argal\u00e1\u0161ov\u00e1, \u013d., Hadvinov\u00e1, L., Galileo, B., and Babjakov\u00e1, J. (2024). The Effect of Dietary Types on Gut Microbiota Composition and Development of Non-Communicable Diseases: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183134"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballway, J.W., and Song, B.J. (2021). Translational Approaches with Antioxidant Phytochemicals against Alcohol-Mediated Oxidative Stress, Gut Dysbiosis, Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction, and Fatty Liver Disease. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10030384"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, C., Wang, B., Kaliannan, K., Wang, X., Lang, H., Hui, S., Huang, L., Zhang, Y., Zhou, M., and Chen, M. (2017). Gut Microbiota Mediates the Protective Effects of Dietary Capsaicin against Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation and Associated Obesity Induced by High-Fat Diet. mBio, 8.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00900-17"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.037","article-title":"Protective effect of quercetin on high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice is mediated by modulating intestinal microbiota imbalance and related gut-liver axis activation","volume":"102","author":"Porras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.01.003","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulates bile acid metabolism by reducing the levels of tauro-beta-muricholic acid, a naturally occurring FXR antagonist","volume":"17","author":"Sayin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00049.2019","article-title":"Molecular Physiology of Bile Acid Signaling in Health, Disease, and Aging","volume":"101","author":"Perino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, M.Y.C., and Ho, H.K. (2024). Pharmacological modulation of cholesterol 7\u03b1-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) as a therapeutic strategy for hypercholesterolemia. Biochem. Pharmacol., 220.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115985"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30024","article-title":"The crosstalk between gut bacteria and host immunity in intestinal inflammation","volume":"236","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.10.016","article-title":"Herbal formula BaWeiBaiDuSan alleviates polymicrobial sepsis-induced liver injury via increasing the gut microbiota Lactobacillus johnsonii and regulating macrophage anti-inflammatory activity in mice","volume":"13","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, J., Lv, L., Liu, B., Wang, S., Zhang, S., Wu, Z., Yang, L., Bian, X., Wang, Q., and Wang, K. (2022). Akkermansia muciniphila Ameliorates Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury by Regulating Gut Microbial Composition and Metabolism. Microbiol. Spectr., 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01596-21"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.Y., Kim, H., Jeong, Y., and Kang, C.H. (2021). Lactic Acid Bacteria Exert a Hepatoprotective Effect against Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury in HepG2 Cells. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091844"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114118","article-title":"Mori fructus aqueous extracts attenuate carbon tetrachloride-induced renal injury via the Nrf2 pathway and intestinal flora","volume":"245","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gr\u00e4fe, C., Graf, H., Wustrow, V., Liebchen, U., Conter, P., Paal, M., Habler, K., and Scharf, C. (2024). Correlation of bilirubin and toxic bile acids in critically ill patients with cholestatic liver dysfunction and adsorber application. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72676-6"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, H., Umar, S., Rust, B., Lazarova, D., and Bordonaro, M. (2019). Secondary Bile Acids and Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Colon: A Focus on Colonic Microbiome, Cell Proliferation, Inflammation, and Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20051214"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c08519","article-title":"Swainsonine Induces Liver Inflammation in Mice via Disturbance of Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Metabolism","volume":"71","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000450908","article-title":"Intestinal Farnesoid X Receptor Signaling Modulates Metabolic Disease","volume":"35","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106621","article-title":"Diosgenin alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through affecting liver-gut circulation","volume":"187","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155264","article-title":"Comprehensive molecular mechanisms and clinical therapy in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: An overview and current perspectives","volume":"134","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100387","article-title":"Bile acids contribute to the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice","volume":"4","author":"Gillard","year":"2022","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.09.001","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 15 functions as an enterohepatic signal to regulate bile acid homeostasis","volume":"2","author":"Inagaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16602","article-title":"Review article: Therapeutic aspects of bile acid signalling in the gut-liver axis","volume":"54","author":"Simbrunner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/7\/3332\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:09:10Z","timestamp":1760029750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/7\/3332"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26073332"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26073332","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]}}}