{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:27:31Z","timestamp":1792189651356,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Winkler Bacterial Overgrowth Research Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this review article, we discuss and explore the role of bacteria-derived hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide is a signaling molecule produced endogenously that plays an important role in health and disease. It is also produced by the gut microbiome. In the setting of microbial disturbances leading to disruption of intestinal homeostasis (dysbiosis), the concentration of available hydrogen sulfide can also vary leading to pathologic sequelae. The brain\u2013gut axis is the original studied paradigm of gut microbiome and host interaction. In recent years, our understanding of microbial and host interaction has expanded greatly to include specific pathways that have branched into their own axes. These axes share a principal concept of microbiota changes, intestinal permeability, and an inflammatory response, some of which are modulated by hydrogen sulfide (H2S). In this review, we will discuss multiple axes including the gut\u2013immune, gut\u2013heart, and gut\u2013endocrine axes. We will evaluate the role of H2S in modulation of intestinal barrier, mucosal healing in intestinal inflammation and tumor genesis. We will also explore the role of H2S in alpha-synuclein aggregation and ischemic injury. Finally, we will discuss H2S in the setting of metabolic syndrome as int pertains to hypertension, atherosclerosis and glucose-like peptide-1 activity. Majority of studies that evaluate hydrogen sulfide focus on endogenous production; the role of this review is to examine the lesser-known bacteria-derived source of hydrogen sulfide in the progression of diseases as it relates to these axes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T05:51:26Z","timestamp":1743659486000},"page":"3340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The Role of Bacteria-Derived Hydrogen Sulfide in Multiple Axes of Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1156-9783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Birg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Service, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry C.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Service, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.09.014","article-title":"Sulfate-reducing bacteria stimulate gut immune responses and contribute to inflammation in experimental colitis","volume":"189","author":"Figliuolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"99","author":"Cryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2010.01664.x","article-title":"The microbiome-gut-brain axis: From bowel to behavior","volume":"23","author":"Cryan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00460-0","article-title":"The gut microbiota-brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders","volume":"19","author":"Morais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01673-4","article-title":"Gut liver brain axis in diseases: The implications for therapeutic interventions","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsiras, D., Bezati, S., Ventoulis, I., Verras, C., Parissis, J., and Polyzogopoulou, E. (2023). Gut Failure: A Review of the Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Potentials in the Gut\u2013Heart Axis. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072567"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c200036","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide Actions in the Vasculature","volume":"11","author":"Mendiola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104677","article-title":"Gut microbiota and neuroinflammation in pathogenesis of hypertension: A potential role for hydrogen sulfide","volume":"153","author":"Zubcevic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.04.012","article-title":"Endogenous and Exogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Promotes Resolution of Colitis in Rats","volume":"137","author":"Wallace","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C537","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00329.2016","article-title":"Vascular biology of hydrogen sulfide","volume":"312","author":"Kanagy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G624","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1994.266.4.G624","article-title":"Endothelin-1 induces direct constriction of hepatic sinusoids","volume":"266","author":"Zhang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Randi, E.B., Casili, G., Jacquemai, S., and Szabo, C. (2021). Selenium-Binding Protein 1 (SELENBP1) Supports Hydrogen Sulfide Biosynthesis and Adipogenesis. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10030361"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2012.01.001","article-title":"Enhanced detection of hydrogen sulfide generated in cell culture using an agar trap method","volume":"423","author":"Kartha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mie.2014.11.039","article-title":"Measurement of H2S in vivo and in vitro by the monobromobimane method","volume":"554","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, H., Huang, D., Sun, Z., and Chen, X. (2024). Effects of intestinal Desulfovibrio bacteria on host health and its potential regulatory strategies: A review. Microbiol. Res., 284.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2024.127725"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G143","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00249.2017","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide: An agent of stability at the microbiome-mucosa interface","volume":"314","author":"Wallace","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kushkevych, I., Cejnar, J., Treml, J., Dordevi\u0107, D., Kollar, P., and V\u00edt\u011bzov\u00e1, M. (2020). Recent Advances in Metabolic Pathways of Sulfate Reduction in Intestinal Bacteria. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030698"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1892","article-title":"The ecology and biotechnology of sulphate-reducing bacteria","volume":"6","author":"Muyzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starr, M.P., Stolp, H., Tr\u00fcper, H.G., Balows, A., and Schlegel, H.G. (1981). The Dissimilatory Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria. The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on Habitats, Isolation, and Identification of Bacteria, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-13187-9"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.03.003","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide toxicity in the gut environment: Meta-analysis of sulfate-reducing and lactic acid bacteria in inflammatory processes","volume":"27","author":"Kushkevych","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3748","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.56.12.3748-3754.1990","article-title":"Distribution of Hydrogenase Genes in Desulfovibrio spp. and Their Use in Identification of Species from the Oil Field Environment","volume":"56","author":"Voordouw","year":"1990","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-019-01625-z","article-title":"Toxicity of hydrogen sulfide toward sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio piger Vib-7","volume":"201","author":"Kushkevych","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basic, A., Blomqvist, S., Carlen, A., and Dahlen, G. (2015). Estimation of bacterial hydrogen sulfide production in vitro. J. Oral Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v7.28166"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1990.tb00411.x","article-title":"Production of volatile sulfur compounds by various Fusobacterium species","volume":"5","author":"Claesson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3, M.G.A. (2024, December 01). Hydrogen Sulphide SIBO: Pathological Condition or Physiological Adaptation A Narrative Review. May 2023. Available online: https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/kajabi-storefronts-production\/file-uploads\/sites\/114257\/themes\/2153533682\/downloads\/dbb0ee-55ca-e636-063a-3328b61e1f_Thesis_Hydrogen_Sulfide_SIBO_Final.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI7712","article-title":"Detoxification of hydrogen sulfide and methanethiol in the cecal mucosa","volume":"104","author":"Levitt","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G727","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1998.274.4.G727","article-title":"Production and elimination of sulfur-containing gases in the rat colon","volume":"274","author":"Suarez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Strickland, J., Cummings, A., Spinnato, J.A., Liccione, J.J., and Foureman, G.L. (2003). Toxicological Review of Hydrogen Sulfide."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000387","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.113.000387","article-title":"Plasma free H2S levels are elevated in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"2","author":"Peter","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.03368.x","article-title":"Eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Pimentel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.food.102308.124101","article-title":"Mechanisms of Microbial Hydrogen Disposal in the Human Colon and Implications for Health and Disease","volume":"1","author":"Nakamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20130070","article-title":"Sulfide inhibition of and metabolism by cytochrome c oxidase","volume":"41","author":"Nicholls","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms3040866","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide in Physiology and Diseases of the Digestive Tract","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2021.0004","article-title":"Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide on the Microbiome: From Toxicity to Therapy","volume":"36","author":"Buret","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kushkevych, I., Dordevi\u0107, D., Kollar, P., V\u00edt\u011bzov\u00e1, M., and Drago, L. (2019). Hydrogen Sulfide as a Toxic Product in the Small\u2013Large Intestine Axis and its Role in IBD Development. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8071054"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0883fje","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide induces serum-independent cell cycle entry in nontransformed rat intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"17","author":"Deplancke","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S.B., Carroll-Portillo, A., and Lin, H.C. (2023). Desulfovibrio in the Gut: The Enemy within?. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071772"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan, X.C., Tickle, T.L., Sokol, H., Gevers, D., Devaney, K.L., Ward, D.V., Reyes, J.A., Shah, S.A., LeLeiko, N., and Snapper, S.B. (2012). Dysfunction of the intestinal microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease and treatment. Genome Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-9-r79"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17631","article-title":"Dysbiosis in gastrointestinal pathophysiology: Role of the gut microbiome in Gulf War Illness","volume":"27","author":"Slevin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"275","article-title":"Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation: A narrative review","volume":"19","author":"Petito","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhasson, F., Das, S., Seth, R., Dattaroy, D., Chandrashekaran, V., Ryan, C.N., Chan, L.S., Testerman, T., Burch, J., and Hofseth, L.J. (2017). Altered gut microbiome in a mouse model of Gulf War Illness causes neuroinflammation and intestinal injury via leaky gut and TLR4 activation. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172914"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.4186","article-title":"Detoxification of H2S by differentiated colonic epithelial cells: Implication of the sulfide oxidizing unit and of the cell respiratory capacity","volume":"17","author":"Mimoun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2014.5901","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory and Cytoprotective Actions of Hydrogen Sulfide: Translation to Therapeutics","volume":"22","author":"Wallace","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4070","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-8669com","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide enhances ulcer healing in rats","volume":"21","author":"Wallace","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13419","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13419","article-title":"Altered intestinal microbiota-host mitochondria crosstalk in new onset Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Mottawea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05007.x","article-title":"Functional dysbiosis within the gut microbiota of patients with constipated-irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Chassard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2010.14.2.83","article-title":"The Inhibitory Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide on Pacemaker Activity of Interstitial Cells of Cajal from Mouse Small Intestine","volume":"14","author":"Parajuli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/em.20546","article-title":"DNA damage and toxicogenomic analyses of hydrogen sulfide in human intestinal epithelial FHs 74 Int cells","volume":"51","author":"Nava","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000345","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide Protects from Colitis and Restores Intestinal Microbiota Biofilm and Mucus Production","volume":"21","author":"Motta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2017.12.003","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide provides intestinal protection during a murine model of experimental necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"53","author":"Drucker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15560","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705891104","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by preservation of mitochondrial function","volume":"104","author":"Elrod","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"247","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease part I: Ulcerative colitis\u2014Pathophysiology and conventional and alternative treatment options","volume":"8","author":"Head","year":"2003","journal-title":"Altern. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1998.00358.x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal pH profiles in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Press","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21108","article-title":"Butyrate utilization by the colonic mucosa in inflammatory bowel diseases: A transport deficiency","volume":"16","author":"Thibault","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70137-4","article-title":"In vivo butyrate metabolism and colonic permeability in extensive ulcerative colitis","volume":"115","author":"Hond","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taglialegna, A. (2024). Fat, Desulfovibrio and cancer. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 22.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01061-x"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12368","article-title":"Regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetic function by hydrogen sulfide. Part II. Pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects","volume":"171","author":"Bos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12369","article-title":"Regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetic function by hydrogen sulfide. Part I. Biochemical and physiological mechanisms","volume":"171","author":"Szabo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2013.07.002","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide chemical biology: Pathophysiological roles and detection","volume":"35","author":"Kolluru","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2011","article-title":"Physiological implications of hydrogen sulfide: A whiff exploration that blossomed","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivas-Dom\u00ednguez, A., Pastor, N., Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez, L., Col\u00f3n-P\u00e9rez, J., Berm\u00fadez, B., and Orta, M.L. (2021). The Role of DNA Damage Response in Dysbiosis-Induced Colorectal Cancer. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081934"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo.2018.04.07","article-title":"The gut microbiome and colorectal cancer: A review of bacterial pathogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Dahmus","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12312","article-title":"Role of the cystathionine \u03b3 lyase\/hydrogen sulfide pathway in human melanoma progression","volume":"28","author":"Panza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.126573.111","article-title":"Genomic analysis identifies association of Fusobacterium with colorectal carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Kostic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-014-2081-3","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum associates with stages of colorectal neoplasia development, colorectal cancer and disease outcome","volume":"33","author":"Flanagan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07182-w","article-title":"A distinct Fusobacterium nucleatum clade dominates the colorectal cancer niche","volume":"628","author":"Minot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"112","article-title":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: A comprehensive review","volume":"3","author":"Dukowicz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takakura, W., and Pimentel, M. (2020). Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Irritable Bowel Syndrome\u2014An Update. Front. Psychiatry, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00664"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.46","article-title":"Hydrogen and Methane-Based Breath Testing in Gastrointestinal Disorders: The North American Consensus","volume":"112","author":"Rezaie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12907","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12907","article-title":"Sulfate-reducing bacteria slow intestinal transit in a bismuth-reversible fashion in mice","volume":"29","author":"Ritz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil. Off. J. Eur. Gastrointest. Motil. Soc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026010","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/10\/2\/026010","article-title":"Hydrogen sulphide in exhaled breath: A potential biomarker for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in IBS","volume":"10","author":"Banik","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.7.852","article-title":"Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth","volume":"292","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-018-1476-9","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2022.102582","article-title":"Norepinephrine induces growth of Desulfovibrio vulgaris in an iron dependent manner","volume":"75","author":"Coffman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coffman, C.N., Carroll-Portillo, A., Alcock, J., Singh, S.B., Rumsey, K., Braun, C.A., Xue, B., and Lin, H.C. (2024). Magnesium Oxide Reduces Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice by Inhibiting Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12071429"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.5.2166-2174.2000","article-title":"Molecular Ecological Analysis of the Succession and Diversity of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in the Mouse Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"66","author":"Deplancke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"1481","article-title":"Biofilms in the normal human large bowel: Fact rather than fiction","volume":"56","author":"Bollinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10038","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1507645112","article-title":"Gut microbiota facilitates dietary heme-induced epithelial hyperproliferation by opening the mucus barrier in colon","volume":"112","author":"Ijssennagger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.6454","article-title":"Sulphate-reducing bacteria and hydrogen sulphide in the aetiology of ulcerative colitis","volume":"96","author":"Rowan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000526","article-title":"Cysteine-derived hydrogen sulfide and gut health: A matter of endogenous or bacterial origin","volume":"22","author":"Blachier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20632","article-title":"Bacterial translocation (BT) in cirrhosis","volume":"41","author":"Wiest","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(94)80241-6","article-title":"Translocation of gut bacteria in rats with cirrhosis to mesenteric lymph nodes partially explains the pathogenesis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"21","author":"Runyon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., Coffman, C., Varga, M., Carroll-Portillo, A., Braun, C., and Lin, H. (2022). Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase Prevents Sulfate Reducing Bacteria-Induced Increased Tight Junction Permeability by Inhibiting Snail Pathway. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.882498"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S.B., Braun, C.A., Carroll-Portillo, A., Coffman, C.N., and Lin, H.C. (2024). Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria Induce Pro-Inflammatory TNF-alpha and iNOS via PI3K\/Akt Pathway in a TLR 2-Dependent Manner. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12091833"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12145","article-title":"Reevaluating our understanding of lactulose breath tests by incorporating hydrogen sulfide measurements","volume":"3","author":"Birg","year":"2019","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Joshua, Z.G., Britta, N., Anna, E.W., Ryan, B., and Allison, S. (2023). Hydrogen sulfide small intestinal bacterial overgrowth case registry. medRxiv."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(18)30625-5","article-title":"Competitive hydrogen gas utilization by methane-and hydrogen sulfide-producing microorganisms and associated symptoms: Results of a novel 4-gas breath test machine","volume":"154","author":"Rezaie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12379","article-title":"Immune response in irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review of systemic and mucosal inflammatory mediators","volume":"17","author":"Quigley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2019.00125","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines in irritable bowel syndrome: A comparison with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"18","author":"Mitselou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intest. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizos, E., Pyleris, E., Pimentel, M., Triantafyllou, K., and Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E.J. (2022). Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth Can Form an Indigenous Proinflammatory Environment in the Duodenum: A Prospective Study. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050960"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burns, G.L., Talley, N.J., and Keely, S. (2022). Immune responses in the irritable bowel syndromes: Time to consider the small intestine. BMC Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02301-8"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.06.075","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors exacerbate NSAID-induced small intestinal injury by inducing dysbiosis","volume":"141","author":"Wallace","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000256","article-title":"Correlation Between Chronic Treatment with Proton Pump Inhibitors and Bacterial Overgrowth in the Stomach: Any Possible Beneficial Role for Selected Lactobacilli?","volume":"48","author":"Pagliarulo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.12.011","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor use and the risk of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: A meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Lo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-03-01066.1996","article-title":"The Possible Role of Hydrogen sulfide as an Endogenous Neuromodulator","volume":"16","author":"Abe","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.4345","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide Is a Signaling Molecule and a Cytoprotectant","volume":"17","author":"Kimura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1915","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide induces cyclic AMP and modulates the NMDA receptor","volume":"267","author":"Kimura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-1052fje","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide induces calcium waves in astrocytes","volume":"18","author":"Nagai","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-1815fje","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide protects neurons from oxidative stress","volume":"18","author":"Kimura","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chidambaram, S.B., Rathipriya, A.G., Mahalakshmi, A.M., Sharma, S., Hediyal, T.A., Ray, B., Sunanda, T., Rungratanawanich, W., Kashyap, R.S., and Qoronfleh, M.W. (2022). The Influence of Gut Dysbiosis in the Pathogenesis and Management of Ischemic Stroke. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11071239"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"25877","article-title":"Manipulating the gut microbiota to maintain health and treat disease","volume":"26","author":"Scott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"61","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide-induced colonic mucosal cytoprotection involves T-type calcium channel-dependent neuronal excitation in rats","volume":"63","author":"Matsunami","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263ra158","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009759","article-title":"The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice","volume":"6","author":"Braniste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4030","article-title":"Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS","volume":"18","author":"Erny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.018","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Regulate Motor Deficits and Neuroinflammation in a Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"167","author":"Sampson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bollinger, J.L., Collins, K.E., Patel, R., and Wellman, C.L. (2017). Behavioral stress alters corticolimbic microglia in a sex- and brain region-specific manner. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187631"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murros, K.E. (2022). Hydrogen Sulfide Produced by Gut Bacteria May Induce Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11060978"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.10.035","article-title":"Integrated Analyses of Microbiome and Longitudinal Metabolome Data Reveal Microbial-Host Interactions on Sulfur Metabolism in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"29","author":"Hertel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2009.00543.x","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of hydrogen sulfide on Parkinson\u2019s disease rat models","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-020-0112-6","article-title":"Characterizing dysbiosis of gut microbiome in PD: Evidence for overabundance of opportunistic pathogens","volume":"6","author":"Wallen","year":"2020","journal-title":"npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-021-00156-z","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the Parkinson\u2019s disease gut microbiome suggests alterations linked to intestinal inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Romano","year":"2021","journal-title":"npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thapa, M., Kumari, A., Chin, C.Y., Choby, J.E., Jin, F., Bogati, B., Chopyk, D.M., Koduri, N., Pahnke, A., and Elrod, E.J. (2023). Translocation of gut commensal bacteria to the brain. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.08.30.555630"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29429","article-title":"Reduced and Delayed Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"38","author":"Ryman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rayhan, R.U., Stevens, B.W., Raksit, M.P., Ripple, J.A., Timbol, C.R., Adewuyi, O., VanMeter, J.W., and Baraniuk, J.N. (2013). Exercise challenge in Gulf War Illness reveals two subgroups with altered brain structure and function. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063903"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasegawa, S., Goto, S., Tsuji, H., Okuno, T., Asahara, T., Nomoto, K., Shibata, A., Fujisawa, Y., Minato, T., and Okamoto, A. (2015). Intestinal Dysbiosis and Lowered Serum Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142164"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab156","article-title":"The role of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic options","volume":"144","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoyles, L., Snelling, T., Umlai, U.-K., Nicholson, J.K., Carding, S.R., Glen, R.C., and McArthur, S. (2018). Microbiome\u2013host systems interactions: Protective effects of propionate upon the blood\u2013brain barrier. Microbiome, 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0439-y"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matt, S.M., Allen, J.M., Lawson, M.A., Mailing, L.J., Woods, J.A., and Johnson, R.W. (2018). Butyrate and Dietary Soluble Fiber Improve Neuroinflammation Associated with Aging in Mice. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01832"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.314718","article-title":"Microglia, the Missing Link in the Brain-Gut-Hypertension Axis","volume":"124","author":"Touyz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3517","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide: Neurophysiology and neuropathology","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-009-9099-9","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide scavenges the cytotoxic lipid oxidation product 4-HNE","volume":"17","author":"Schreier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-202","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide attenuates spatial memory impairment and hippocampal neuroinflammation in beta-amyloid rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Xuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206504","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2206504","article-title":"Interlink between the gut microbiota and inflammation in the context of oxidative stress in Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression","volume":"15","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8630275","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8630275","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Gut-Derived Lipopolysaccharides in Neurodegenerative Disease: Role of NOX2","volume":"2020","author":"Loffredo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnen.0000199571.96472.c7","article-title":"High Plasma Cyst(e)ine Level May Indicate Poor Clinical Outcome in Patients with Acute Stroke: Possible Involvement of Hydrogen Sulfide","volume":"65","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000204184.34946.41","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide Is a Mediator of Cerebral Ischemic Damage","volume":"37","author":"Qu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(89)90288-8","article-title":"Acute hydrogen sulfide poisoning: Demonstration of selective uptake of sulfide by the brainstem by measurement of brain sulfide levels","volume":"38","author":"Warenycia","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2023.0048","article-title":"The Gut-Heart Axis: Updated Review for The Roles of Microbiome in Cardiovascular Health","volume":"53","author":"Bui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Korean Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06597-5","article-title":"Portal Venous Flow Is Increased by Jejunal but Not Colonic Hydrogen Sulfide in a Nitric Oxide-Dependent Fashion in Rats","volume":"66","author":"Birg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong\u00f3, E., and Kiss, L. (2020). The Potential Role of Hydrogen Sulfide in the Regulation of Cerebrovascular Tone. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10121685"},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"e13","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"71","author":"Whelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.29322","article-title":"Differential Analysis of Hypertension-Associated Intestinal Microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Dan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2006.00214.x","article-title":"Acetate, lactate, propionate, and isobutyrate as electron donors for iron and sulfate reduction in Arctic marine sediments, Svalbard","volume":"59","author":"Finke","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.41.1.77","article-title":"Effect of sulphide on short chain acyl-CoA metabolism in rat colonocytes","volume":"41","author":"Moore","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006838231432","article-title":"Sulfides impair short chain fatty acid beta-oxidation at acyl-CoA dehydrogenase level in colonocytes: Implications for ulcerative colitis","volume":"181","author":"Babidge","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, C.-N., and Tain, Y.-L. (2021). Preventing Developmental Origins of Cardiovascular Disease: Hydrogen Sulfide as a Potential Target?. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020247"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.01.025","article-title":"Measurement of plasma hydrogen sulfide in vivo and in vitro","volume":"50","author":"Shen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.173916","article-title":"Effects of gut microbiota on atherosclerosis through hydrogen sulfide","volume":"896","author":"Gui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D429","DOI":"10.2741\/Kruth","article-title":"Macrophage foam cells and atherosclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Kruth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00900-1","article-title":"The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"8","author":"Jie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.02.039","article-title":"Signalling in the gut endocrine axis","volume":"176","author":"Gribble","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S455026","article-title":"The Regulation Role of the Gut-Islets Axis in Diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32834190b5","article-title":"Nutrition and L and K-enteroendocrine cells","volume":"18","author":"Woods","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.04.013","article-title":"A Specific Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis of Type 2 Diabetic Mice Induces GLP-1 Resistance through an Enteric NO-Dependent and Gut-Brain Axis Mechanism","volume":"25","author":"Grasset","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12762","article-title":"Regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 sensitivity by gut microbiota dysbiosis","volume":"9","author":"Yamane","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00391","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfate Prebiotic Stimulates the Secretion of GLP-1 and Improves Glycemia in Male Mice","volume":"158","author":"Pichette","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-01068-x","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide produced by the gut microbiota impairs host metabolism via reducing GLP-1 levels in male mice","volume":"6","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.01.004","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide in the regulation of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity: Implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes mellitus","volume":"149","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2008.109","article-title":"Pancreatic islet overproduction of H2S and suppressed insulin release in Zucker diabetic rats","volume":"89","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5024","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide Treatment Promotes Glucose Uptake by Increasing Insulin Receptor Sensitivity and Ameliorates Kidney Lesions in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Xue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.11.023","article-title":"Endogenous hydrogen sulfide protects pancreatic beta-cells from a high-fat diet-induced glucotoxicity and prevents the development of type 2 diabetes","volume":"442","author":"Okamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109958","article-title":"The hepatic compensatory response to elevated systemic sulfide promotes diabetes","volume":"37","author":"Carter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/0898010119879527","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiome: A Concept Analysis","volume":"38","author":"Perez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Holist. Nurs."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/7\/3340\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:09:21Z","timestamp":1760029761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/7\/3340"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26073340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26073340","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]}}}