{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:08:09Z","timestamp":1760058489094,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007771","name":"Medical University of Silesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCN-1-014\/N\/1\/I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCN-1-014\/N\/1\/I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a dental condition that affects the enamel of permanent molars and\/or incisors, often leading to tooth decay. Although several etiological hypotheses have come forward, including prenatal medical problems and postnatal illness, the pathogenesis of MIH is yet unclear. Aimed at exploring the epigenomic landscape of this dental condition, we collected dental tissue from a MIH-affected child and an age-matched control patient and investigated their DNA methylation status through an in-depth analysis of nanopore long-read sequencing data. We identified 780,141 CpGs with significantly different methylation levels between the samples; intriguingly, the density of these dinucleotides was higher in the regions containing genes involved in dental morphogenesis and inflammatory processes leading to periodontitis. Further examination of 54 genes associated with MIH or hypomineralized second primary molar disorders revealed very distinct methylation of intragenic transposable elements (SINEs, LINEs, and LTRs), while functional profiling analysis of 571 differentially methylated regions genome-wide uncovered significant enrichment processes including ameloblasts differentiation and calcium ion binding, as well as SP1 and other zinc finger transcription factors. Taken together, our findings suggest that DNA methylation could play a role in the pathogenesis of MIH and represent a stepping stone towards a comprehensive understanding of this multifactorial disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T20:43:17Z","timestamp":1745440997000},"page":"3401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Harnessing Nanopore Sequencing to Investigate the Epigenomic Landscape in Molar Incisor Hypomineralization\u2014A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1286-3076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Salatino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Laboratories, Science and Innovation Platforms, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Cuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Laboratories, Science and Innovation Platforms, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0369-3821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Tynior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6229-2436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Gustave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Laboratories, Science and Innovation Platforms, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9110-2314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Hudy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuen-Ting","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Laboratories, Science and Innovation Platforms, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0915-8846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Raczkowska-Siostrzonek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3249-8707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raju","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Laboratories, Science and Innovation Platforms, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK"},{"name":"Public Health Microbiology, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London E14 4PU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9485-3032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagmara","family":"Aleksandrowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, St. Vincent De Paul Hospital, 81-348 Gdynia, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9595-6712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Na\u0142\u0119cz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, St. Vincent De Paul Hospital, 81-348 Gdynia, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3686-5685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna Katarzyna","family":"Strzelczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, L.B., Machado, V., Mascarenhas, P., Mendes, J.J., and Botelho, J. 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