{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:07:43Z","timestamp":1760058463709,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Oswaldo Cruz Institute","award":["PAEF-IOC 008-F10\u201322\u20132-51","POM-LITEB\/IOC\/FIOCRUZ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAEF-IOC 008-F10\u201322\u20132-51","POM-LITEB\/IOC\/FIOCRUZ"]}]},{"name":"FIOCRUZ","award":["PAEF-IOC 008-F10\u201322\u20132-51","POM-LITEB\/IOC\/FIOCRUZ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAEF-IOC 008-F10\u201322\u20132-51","POM-LITEB\/IOC\/FIOCRUZ"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived lipid-bound vesicles divided into apoptotic bodies, microvesicles (MVs), and exosomes based on their biogenesis, release pathway, size, content, and functions. EVs are intercellular mediators that significantly affect muscle diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). DMD is a fatal X-linked disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, leading to muscle degeneration. Mdx mice are the most commonly used model to study the disease, and in this study, we phenotypically characterized plasma MVs from mdx mice by flow cytometry. Furthermore, we assessed the ability of plasma MVs to modulate muscle inflammation, damage, and\/or regeneration by intramuscular injection of MVs from mdx mice into mdx or DBA\/2 mice as a control. In both mouse lineages, platelets and erythrocytes were the primary sources of MVs, and CD3+ CD4+ MVs were observed only in mdx mice. We also observed that plasma MVs from mdx mice induced muscle damage in mdx mice but not in DBA\/2 mice, while plasma MVs from DBA\/2 mice did not induce muscle damage in either mouse lineage. These results indicate that plasma MVs from mdx are potentially pathogenic. However, this condition also depends on the muscular tissue status, which must be responsive due to active inflammatory or regenerative responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T05:03:07Z","timestamp":1744174987000},"page":"3499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plasma Microvesicles May Contribute to Muscle Damage in the mdx Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Cynthia Machado","family":"Cascabulho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Inova\u00e7\u00f5es em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2800-4746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel Iwao Maia","family":"Horita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Inova\u00e7\u00f5es em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisas Sobre o Timo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela Gois","family":"Beghini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Inova\u00e7\u00f5es em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1352-0641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rubem Figueiredo Sadok","family":"Menna-Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina Heber Max Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Monsores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Inova\u00e7\u00f5es em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alvaro Luiz","family":"Bertho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9136-240X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Henriques-Pons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Inova\u00e7\u00f5es em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00045.2018","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles: Exosomes and Microvesicles, Integrators of Homeostasis","volume":"34","author":"Stahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI87316","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles: Masters of intercellular communication and potential clinical interventions","volume":"126","author":"Pitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabatke, B., Rossi, I.V., Sana, A., Bonato, L.B., and Ramirez, M.I. (2023). Extracellular vesicles biogenesis and uptake concepts: A comprehensive guide to studying host-pathogen communication. Mol. Microbiol., 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.15168"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-018-0823-z","article-title":"The decade of exosomal long RNA species: An emerging cancer antagonist","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/21541248.2016.1215283","article-title":"Biology and biogenesis of shed microvesicles","volume":"8","author":"Tricarico","year":"2017","journal-title":"Small GTPases"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-03693-5","article-title":"Administration of adipose-derived stem cells extracellular vesicles in a murine model of spinal muscular atrophy: Effects of a new potential therapeutic strategy","volume":"15","author":"Virla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricco, C., Eldaboush, A., Liu, M.L., and Werth, V.P. (2024). Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis, Clinical Characterization, and Management of Dermatomyositis: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25041967"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-1443-2_8","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles for Muscle Atrophy Treatment","volume":"1418","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yedigaryan, L., and Sampaolesi, M. (2023). Extracellular vesicles and Duchenne muscular dystrophy pathology: Modulators of disease progression. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1130063"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.4.1189","article-title":"X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) in the mouse","volume":"81","author":"Bulfield","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201100133","article-title":"miRNAs as serum biomarkers for Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"3","author":"Cacchiarelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2017.09.002","article-title":"Biomarker Potential of Extracellular miRNAs in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"23","author":"Wood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2018.07.003","article-title":"Exosomes and exosomal miRNAs from muscle-derived fibroblasts promote skeletal muscle fibrosis","volume":"74","author":"Zanotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2018.01.023","article-title":"Exosome-Mediated Benefits of Cell Therapy in Mouse and Human Models of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"10","author":"Aminzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2020.12.018","article-title":"Exosome-mediated improvement in membrane integrity and muscle function in dystrophic mice","volume":"29","author":"Leng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuzaka, Y., Tanihata, J., Komaki, H., Ishiyama, A., Oya, Y., R\u00fcegg, U., Takeda, S.I., and Hashido, K. (2016). Characterization and Functional Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles and Muscle-Abundant miRNAs (miR-1, miR-133a, and miR-206) in C2C12 Myocytes and mdx Mice. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167811"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pgac173","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac173","article-title":"Skeletal muscle releases extracellular vesicles with distinct protein and microRNA signatures that function in the muscle microenvironment","volume":"1","author":"Watanabe","year":"2022","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, C.P., Gilligan, K.E., and Dwyer, R.M. (2019). Role of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) in Cell Stress Response and Resistance to Cancer Therapy. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11020136"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.22892","article-title":"Peripheral blood microvesicles secretion is influenced by storage time, temperature, and anticoagulants","volume":"89","author":"Wisgrill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytom. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.309417","article-title":"Methodological Guidelines to Study Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"120","author":"Coumans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2013.07.026","article-title":"Intercellular transfer of tissue factor via the uptake of tumor-derived microvesicles","volume":"132","author":"Lima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16710","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c03546","article-title":"Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles by Resistive-Pulse Sensing on In-Plane Multipore Nanofluidic Devices","volume":"95","author":"Young","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-3203-1_4","article-title":"Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Immunolabeling Electron Microscopy","volume":"2668","author":"Corona","year":"2023","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nanou, A., Crespo, M., Flohr, P., De Bono, J.S., and Terstappen, L.W.M.M. (2018). Scanning Electron Microscopy of Circulating Tumor Cells and Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10110416"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1896-7_17","article-title":"Determining the Size Distribution and Integrity of Extracellular Vesicles by Dynamic Light Scattering","volume":"2413","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-024-06087-y","article-title":"Changes in the Transcription of Proliferation- and Apoptosis-Related Genes in Embryos in Women of Different Ages under the Influence of Extracellular Vesicles from Donor Follicular Fluid In Vitro","volume":"176","author":"Nepsha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2022.103341","article-title":"Characterization of extracellular vesicles by flow cytometry: Challenges and promises","volume":"161","author":"Gul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15540","article-title":"Minimum information to report about a flow cytometry experiment on extracellular vesicles: Communication from the ISTH SSC subcommittee on vascular biology","volume":"20","author":"Welsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, V.F.A., Chometon, T.Q., de Castro, K.K.G., Ponte, M.S.G., Pimentel, M.I.F., Lyra, M.R., and Bertho, A.L. (2024). Platelet-Derived Microvesicles Contribute to the Pathophysiogenesis of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Nano-Flow Cytometric Approach in Plasma Samples from Patients before and under Antimonial Treatment. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12030526"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16039","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52366-4","article-title":"A Novel Semiconductor-Based Flow Cytometer with Enhanced Light-Scatter Sensitivity for the Analysis of Biological Nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"Brittain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15001","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.15001","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from keratinocytes and other skin-related cells in psoriasis: A review","volume":"33","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2020.11.005","article-title":"Impaired secretion of platelet granules in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy\u2014Results of a prospective diagnostic study","volume":"31","author":"Schorling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.04.011","article-title":"Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB Influences Muscle Regeneration in Duchenne Muscle Dystrophy","volume":"187","author":"Gallardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biagiotti, S., Abbas, F., Montanari, M., Barattini, C., Rossi, L., Magnani, M., Papa, S., and Canonico, B. (2023). Extracellular Vesicles as New Players in Drug Delivery: A Focus on Red Blood Cells-Derived EVs. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020365"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, S.R., Xia, H.F., Gong, P., and Yu, Z.L. (2023). Red Blood Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: An Overview of Current Research Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11102798"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-10-530469","article-title":"Exosomes from red blood cell units bind to monocytes and induce proinflammatory cytokines, boosting T-cell responses in vitro","volume":"123","author":"Danesh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thangaraju, K., Neerukonda, S.N., Katneni, U., and Buehler, P.W. (2020). Extracellular Vesicles from Red Blood Cells and Their Evolving Roles in Health, Coagulopathy and Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010153"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00763-8","article-title":"The roles of extracellular vesicles in the immune system","volume":"23","author":"Buzas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keshtkar, S., Soleimanian, S., Kaviani, M., Sarvestani, F.S., Azarpira, N., Asvar, Z., and Pakbaz, S. (2022). Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in the Face of Pathogenic Infections. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.906078"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.03.007","article-title":"Immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles for precision therapy of inflammatory-related diseases","volume":"368","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003217","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003217","article-title":"Emerging role of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles in T cell suppression and dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W.C., Song, S.J., Zhang, Y., and Li, X. (2020). Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Autoimmune Pathogenesis. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.579043"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madaro, L., and Bouch\u00e9, M. (2014). From Innate to Adaptive Immune Response in Muscular Dystrophies and Skeletal Muscle Regeneration: The Role of Lymphocytes. BioMed. Res. Int., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/438675"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28239","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.28239","article-title":"Physical exercise induces rapid release of small extracellular vesicles into the circulation","volume":"4","author":"Helmig","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Li, M., Chen, Z., Xu, L., Chang, M., Wang, K., Deng, C., Gu, Y., Zhou, S., and Shen, Y. (2022). Biogenesis and function of extracellular vesicles in pathophysiological processes of skeletal muscle atrophy. Biochem. Pharmacol., 198.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.114954"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30094","article-title":"Effects of exercise on exosome release and cargo in in vivo and ex vivo models: A systematic review","volume":"236","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00143-2","article-title":"Regulation of aged skeletal muscle regeneration by circulating extracellular vesicles","volume":"1","author":"Sahu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13106","article-title":"Atrophic skeletal muscle fibre-derived small extracellular vesicle miR-690 inhibits satellite cell differentiation during ageing","volume":"13","author":"Shao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.12.018","article-title":"Exosomes from differentiating human skeletal muscle cells trigger myogenesis of stem cells and provide biochemical cues for skeletal muscle regeneration","volume":"222","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guescini, M., Maggio, S., Ceccaroli, P., Battistelli, M., Annibalini, G., Piccoli, G., Sestili, P., and Stocchi, V. (2017). Extracellular Vesicles Released by Oxidatively Injured or Intact C2C12 Myotubes Promote Distinct Responses Converging toward Myogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112488"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-017-0140-z","article-title":"Treatment with the anti-IL-6 receptor antibody attenuates muscular dystrophy via promoting skeletal muscle regeneration in dystrophin-\/utrophin-deficient mice","volume":"7","author":"Wada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Skelet. Muscle"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6041","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv323","article-title":"Increased levels of interleukin-6 exacerbate the dystrophic phenotype in mdx mice","volume":"24","author":"Pelosi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12404","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches","volume":"13","author":"Welsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535750","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): A position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines","volume":"7","author":"Witwer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/8\/3499\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:12:52Z","timestamp":1760029972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/8\/3499"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26083499"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26083499","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]}}}