{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:09:47Z","timestamp":1791256187316,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82272608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272608"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11DZ2261100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11DZ2261100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Human Performance (Shanghai University of sport)","award":["82272608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272608"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Human Performance (Shanghai University of sport)","award":["11DZ2261100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11DZ2261100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research findings reveal that thermal environments precisely regulate the skeletal system through a triple regulation of \u201cstructural morphology-cellular dynamics-molecular mechanisms\u201d: At the tissue morphology level, moderate heat exposure can promote increased bone density and longitudinal growth, as well as improved fracture load and yield point, but may negatively affect geometric shape and cortical bone thickness. Continuous high-temperature exposure harms bone structure, manifested as changes in biomechanical characteristics such as decreased toughness and rigidity. At the cellular level, thermal environments directly affect the proliferation\/apoptosis balance of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and by regulating osteocyte network activity and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell fate decisions, these four cell populations form temperature-dependent metabolic regulatory circuits. At the molecular dimension, heat stress can activate the release of neural factors such as CGRP and NPY, which possess dual regulatory functions promoting both bone formation and resorption; simultaneously achieving coordinated regulation of angiogenesis and fat inhibition through VEGF and TGF\u03b2. The thermal environment\u2013bone regulatory mechanisms revealed in this study have important translational value: they not only provide theoretical basis for biomechanical protection strategies for high-temperature workers and athletes, but also offer innovative entry points for analyzing the pathological mechanisms of heat stroke secondary bone injury and osteoporosis through heat stress-related signaling pathways, while establishing a theoretical foundation for the development of temperature-responsive functionalized biomaterials in bone tissue engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T05:03:07Z","timestamp":1744174987000},"page":"3501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Effects of Thermal Environment on Bone Microenvironment: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiao","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minyou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanting","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.MS1097","article-title":"Thermal Environment Assessment Reliability Using Temperature\u2014Humidity Indices","volume":"49","author":"Alfano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. 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