{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T16:50:52Z","timestamp":1771951852894,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian Council for Scientific Research","award":["#30515-2020-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#30515-2020-5"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Council for Scientific Research","award":["#200.960-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#200.960-2022"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Council for Scientific Research","award":["#210.003\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#210.003\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation of Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro","award":["#30515-2020-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#30515-2020-5"]}]},{"name":"Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation of Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro","award":["#200.960-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#200.960-2022"]}]},{"name":"Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation of Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro","award":["#210.003\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#210.003\/2018"]}]},{"name":"518 National Institutes of Science and Technology Program (INCT)","award":["#30515-2020-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#30515-2020-5"]}]},{"name":"518 National Institutes of Science and Technology Program (INCT)","award":["#200.960-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#200.960-2022"]}]},{"name":"518 National Institutes of Science and Technology Program (INCT)","award":["#210.003\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#210.003\/2018"]}]},{"name":"518 National Institutes of Science and Technology Program (INCT)","award":["#30515-2020-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#30515-2020-5"]}]},{"name":"518 National Institutes of Science and Technology Program (INCT)","award":["#200.960-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#200.960-2022"]}]},{"name":"518 National Institutes of Science and Technology Program (INCT)","award":["#210.003\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#210.003\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The first immune response controls many bacterial and viral inflammatory diseases. Oral immunization with cholera toxin (CT) elicits antibodies and can prevent cholerae in endemic environments. While the IgG immune response to the toxin is well-documented, the IgA and IgM epitopes responsible for the initial immune reaction to the toxin remained uncharted. In this study, our objective was to identify and characterize immunologically and structurally these IgA and IgM epitopes. We conducted SPOT synthesis to create two libraries, each containing one hundred twenty-two 15-mer peptides, encompassing the entire sequence of the three chains of the CT protein. We could map continuous IgA and IgM epitopes by testing these membrane-bound peptides with sera from mice immunized with an oral vaccine (Schankol\u2122). Our approach involved topological studies, peptide synthesis, and the development of an ELISA. We successfully identified seven IgA epitopes, two in CTA, two in CTB, and three in protein P. Additionally, we discovered eleven IgM epitopes, all situated within CTA. Three IgA-specific and three IgM-specific epitopes were synthesized as MAP4 and validated using ELISA. We then used two chimeric 45-mer peptides, which included these six epitopes, to coat ELISA plates and screened them with sera from immunized mice. This yielded sensitivities and specificities of 100%. Our findings have unveiled a significant collection of IgA and IgM-specific peptide epitopes from cholera toxins A, B, and P. These epitopes, along with those IgG previously identified by our group, reflect the immunoreactivity associated with the dynamic of the immunoglobulins switching associated with the cholera toxin vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T05:03:07Z","timestamp":1744174987000},"page":"3507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dynamics of IgM and IgA Antibody Response Profile Against Vibrio cholerae Toxins A, B, and P"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2172-656X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore Giovanni","family":"De-Simone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)\/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics Laboratory (LEMS), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Program of Post-Graduation on Science and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 22040-036, Brazil"},{"name":"Program of Post-Graduation on Parasitic Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paloma","family":"Napole\u00e3o-P\u00eago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)\/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics Laboratory (LEMS), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4538-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Curty","family":"Lechuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)\/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics Laboratory (LEMS), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joao Pedro Rangel Silva","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)\/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Program of Post-Graduation on Science and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi 22040-036, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergian Vianna","family":"Cardozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Graduate Program in Translational Biomedicine (BIOTRANS), University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Caxias 25071-202, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandre Oliveira","family":"Saisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)\/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics Laboratory (LEMS), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2752-0009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Medicis","family":"Morel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)\/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9824-0672","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"David William","family":"Provance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)\/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo 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