{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:41:06Z","timestamp":1790372466762,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies of the biliary tract, often originating from chronic inflammation associated with gallstones and cholecystitis. Persistent inflammation plays a pivotal role in the development of preneoplastic changes, such as metaplasia, which may progress to malignancy. Despite its relatively low incidence, GBC is characterized by a poor prognosis due to late-stage diagnosis, highlighting the urgent need for improved early detection strategies. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic and prognostic significance of CA 19-9 and CEA levels in patients with gallbladder lesions, while also evaluating systemic inflammation and hemostatic dysregulation. A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients diagnosed with gallbladder lesions, with histopathological confirmation of adenocarcinoma and metaplasia. Laboratory assessments included serum levels of tumour markers, inflammatory markers such as CRP, and key hemostatic parameters, including thrombocyte count, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and fibrinogen levels. A predictive scoring model was developed using the cutoff values of CA 19-9 and CEA to assess their combined diagnostic potential. Among the patients studied, 48.9% had an initial diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis, while 32.2% presented with acute cholecystitis. Adenocarcinoma was identified in 6.7% of cases after histopathological examination, predominantly in females over 65 years old with acute cholecystitis. Metaplasia was detected in 7.8% of cases, primarily in elderly females with chronic cholecystitis. Laboratory findings revealed significantly elevated levels of CA 19-9, CEA, AFP, and CA-125 in patients with adenocarcinoma. Additionally, abnormalities in hemostatic parameters, including increased fibrinogen levels and alterations in thrombocyte count, were observed in patients with malignancy. A combined predictive score using CA 19-9 and CEA demonstrated strong potential for detecting adenocarcinoma and metaplasia, improving diagnostic accuracy. Our findings emphasize the clinical importance of integrating tumour markers, inflammatory biomarkers, and hemostatic parameters in the evaluation of gallbladder lesions associated with chronic inflammation. The combined assessment of these factors enhances early detection, facilitates malignancy risk stratification, and improves prognostic evaluation, particularly in patients with metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T06:18:36Z","timestamp":1744611516000},"page":"3665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Predictive Roles of Tumour Markers, Hemostasis Assessment, and Inflammation in the Early Detection and Prognosis of Gallbladder Adenocarcinoma and Metaplasia: A Clinical Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Andrei","family":"Bojan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catalin","family":"Pricop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Cristina","family":"Vladeanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morpho Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Bararu-Bojan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morpho Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Codruta Olimpiada","family":"Halitchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatry, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona Eliza","family":"Giusca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morpho Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7050-8430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana Viola","family":"Badulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morpho Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9240-2175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Ciocoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morpho Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Iliescu-Halitchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7558-0711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana Georgeta","family":"Foia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Surveillance, Epidemiology and End-Results Program (SEER) (2013). The Four Most Common Cancers for Different Ethnic Populations 2013, National Cancer Institute."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"EC12","article-title":"Immunohistochemical study of MUC1 and MUC5AC expression in gall bladder lesions","volume":"11","author":"Bhoge","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. 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