{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:07:09Z","timestamp":1789578429484,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a progressive disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the internal surfaces of the joint. Certain epigenetic biomarkers have been detected in TMJ-OA. We summarized the available evidence on the epigenetic biomarkers in TMJ-OA. There is an increase in the expression of non-coding RNAs related to the degradation of the extracellular matrix, chondrocyte apoptosis, and proinflammatory cytokines, while there is a decrease in the expression of those related to COL2A1, as well as the osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Certain methylated genes and histone modifications in TMJ-OA were also identified. In the early stage, DNA methylation was significantly decreased; that is, the expression of inflammation-related genes such as TNF and genes associated with extracellular matrix degradation, such as Adamts, were increased. While in the late stage, there was an increase in the expression of genes associated with the TGF-\u03b2 and MAPK signaling pathway and angiogenesis-related genes. Although research on the role of epigenetic markers in TMJ-OA is still ongoing, the results here contribute to improving the basis for the identification of accurate diagnostic and prognostic markers and the development of new therapeutic molecules for the prevention and management of TMJ-OA. It also represents a significant advancement in elucidating its pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T06:18:36Z","timestamp":1744611516000},"page":"3668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Epigenetic Biomarkers in Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis: An Emerging Target in Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Schilin","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Pregrado en Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Temuco 4811230, Chile"},{"name":"Sleep & Pain Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javiera","family":"Santander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Pregrado en Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0195-4102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Barria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Pregrado en Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5112-6944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis A.","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3184-6482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Tecnologi\u0301a Me\u0301dica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Toma\u0301s, Los Carreras 753, Osorno 5310431, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1616-0386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Consuelo","family":"Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0438-9389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Iturriaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep & Pain Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Integral Adult Care Dentistry, Temporomandibular Disorder and Orofacial Pain Program, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12344","article-title":"Association of malocclusion, self-reported bruxism and chewing-side preference with oral health-related quality of life in patients with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis","volume":"68","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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