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The biomineralization of cadmium represents a vital biological mechanism for handling cadmium stress in diverse microorganisms. To improve the biomineralization capacity of cadmium by microorganisms in aquatic environments, Tetrahymena cysteine synthetase 1 (TtCsa1) was overexpressed in E. coli. The tolerance of E. coli\/pET-28a-TtCSA1 to cadmium was enhanced by expressing TtCsa1. Upon addition of cysteine, E. coli\/pET-28a-TtCSA1 generated more H2S, which reacted with Cd2+ to form CdS quantum dots (QDs), resulting in a stronger fluorescence signal. The UV-visible absorption and fluorescence spectra of the culture supernatant of E. coli\/pET-28a-TtCSA1 showed characteristic peaks corresponding to CdS QDs. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images confirmed that the formation of CdS QDs and their agglomeration in the E. coli cells. X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) analysis further confirmed the presence of QDs and their crystalline nature. In rich medium, E. coli\/pET-28a-TtCSA1 achieved removal rates of 99.5%, 98.2%, 56.5%, and 49.4%, respectively, for Cd2+ concentrations of 0.15, 0.3, 0.45, and 0.6 mM within 48 h. In simulated wastewater, E. coli\/pET-28a-TtCSA1 achieved removal rates of 99.4%, 94.3%, 90.1%, and 89.8%, respectively, for Cd2+ concentrations of 0.3, 0.45, 0.6, and 0.75 mM within 12 h. These results demonstrate that overexpressing TtCsa1 in E. coli can significantly enhance its ability to biomineralize Cd2+ in rich medium and simulated wastewater, which has potential applications in bioremediation of aquatic environments contaminated with heavy metals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T06:18:36Z","timestamp":1744611516000},"page":"3685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Overexpression of Tetrahymena Cysteine Synthetase 1 Promotes Cadmium Removal by Biosynthesizing Cadmium Sulfide Quantum Dots in Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Wenliang","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"},{"name":"School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1595-9797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, Taiyuan 030006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Cheng, J., Wang, J., Zhang, F., Tian, Y., Liu, C., Cao, L., and Zhou, Y. 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