{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:11:52Z","timestamp":1790399512237,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Medical Research Council","award":["OF-LCG000207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OF-LCG000207"]}]},{"name":"National Medical Research Council","award":["Clinician Scientist Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Clinician Scientist Award"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) are highly prevalent conditions with significant global health impacts. OSA affects 17\u201334% of middle-aged adults, while more than 10 million worldwide have PD. Clinical studies demonstrate a bidirectional relationship, with the OSA prevalence being higher among PD patients suggesting that hypoxia and sleep fragmentation contribute to worsening motor and cognitive symptoms. Conversely, PD-associated neurodegeneration impairs respiratory control, exacerbating OSA. Diagnostic differentiation is particularly challenging due to overlapping symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, cognitive decline, and autonomic dysfunction. Emerging neuromodulation therapies, including deep brain stimulation and hypoglossal nerve stimulation, show dual therapeutic potential. The interplay between OSA and PD draws attention to the need for integrated diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Additional longitudinal studies to evaluate their cause\u2013effect relationship and identify neuroimaging and biochemical biomarkers to elucidate novel pathophysiologic clues can potentially identify novel therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T08:09:17Z","timestamp":1744790957000},"page":"3762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Bidirectional Clinical and Pathophysiologic Links"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0400-6999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia Dong James","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4780-3592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nevin Yi Meng","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling-Ling","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology and Neuroradiology, Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 168581, Singapore"},{"name":"Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eng-King","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology and Neuroradiology, Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 168581, Singapore"},{"name":"Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E56","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000988","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"144","author":"Yeghiazarians","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01419-8","article-title":"The epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"403","author":"Darweesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70047","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70047","article-title":"A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Risk of Venous Thromboembolic Events in Parkinson\u2019s Patients","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. 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