{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:19:57Z","timestamp":1792019997032,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), have been increasingly studied for their therapeutic applications in various medical fields. This systematic review aims to explore their role in oral surgery, focusing on pain management, inflammation control, and bone regeneration. A systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA framework to identify relevant studies from the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases published up to November 2024. The review included clinical and preclinical studies investigating the effects of cannabinoids on orofacial pain, oral inflammation, and bone healing. Data on study design, cannabinoid types, and relevant outcomes were extracted and analyzed. CBD was the most commonly studied compound, with other studies evaluating CB1\/CB2 receptor agonists, THC, and cannabis smoke. Clinical trials showed mixed results: some studies found CBD effective in reducing dental or myofascial pain, while others found limited or non-superior outcomes compared to standard treatments (e.g., NSAIDs, corticosteroids). Among the four RCTs, three had a low risk of bias, and one moderate; all nine animal studies had a high risk of bias. in conclusion, preclinical and clinical studies suggest that cannabinoids represent a promising non-opioid alternative for pain management and for oral inflammation. Although some evidence suggests potential benefits of cannabinoids, particularly CBD, in oral health contexts, findings are derived from heterogeneous studies\u2014many with high risk of bias. More high-quality, standardized clinical trials are necessary before recommending cannabinoids for routine dental practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T10:04:56Z","timestamp":1744797896000},"page":"3766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Cannabinoids: Therapeutic Perspectives for Management of Orofacial Pain, Oral Inflammation and Bone Healing\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Maria Domenica","family":"Campana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"de Paolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0579-794X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Sammartino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Bucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Aliberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6175-7806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Gasparro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ghlichloo, I., and Gerriets, V. 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