{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:10:31Z","timestamp":1760058631461,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondo Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","award":["11,201,011","VIPUCT-2018PF-RB-05","2023FEQUIP-RB-01","DI17-0121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11,201,011","VIPUCT-2018PF-RB-05","2023FEQUIP-RB-01","DI17-0121"]}]},{"name":"Vicerrectoria de Investigaci\u00f3n y posgrado of Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Chile","award":["11,201,011","VIPUCT-2018PF-RB-05","2023FEQUIP-RB-01","DI17-0121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11,201,011","VIPUCT-2018PF-RB-05","2023FEQUIP-RB-01","DI17-0121"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005916","name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad de La Frontera, Chile","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11,201,011","VIPUCT-2018PF-RB-05","2023FEQUIP-RB-01","DI17-0121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11,201,011","VIPUCT-2018PF-RB-05","2023FEQUIP-RB-01","DI17-0121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Male infertility is often linked to sperm quality issues; however, the mechanisms behind these alterations remain unclear in certain contexts. This study investigates the impact of anomalous Rho GTPase activation\u2014a process triggered by bacterial toxins\u2014on human sperm structure and function. Human spermatozoa were exposed in vitro to a Rho GTPase activator derived from Escherichia coli under both capacitating and non-capacitating conditions. The results showed increased RhoA GTPase activity in non-capacitating conditions, without affecting viability or mitochondrial membrane potential. However, progressive motility decreased across both conditions, while non-progressive motility and acrosome reaction rates increased. Additionally, intracellular calcium levels rose exclusively in non-capacitating conditions. Structural analysis revealed an increase in abnormal sperm morphology, particularly vacuoles in the sperm head. These findings highlight that anomalous Rho GTPase activation disrupts essential processes like motility and capacitation, which are crucial for successful fertilization. This study provides novel insights into how bacterial infections may induce sperm damage, proposing that Rho GTPase activity could serve as a biomarker for evaluating sperm quality in cases of infertility linked to urogenital infections. Understanding these mechanisms may improve diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for male infertility associated with bacterial pathogens. Human spermatozoa were exposed in vitro to a Rho GTPase activator derived from Escherichia coli under both capacitating and non-capacitating conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:48:46Z","timestamp":1744850926000},"page":"3783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacteria-Mediated Anomalous Rho GTPase Activation Alters Sperm Structure and Provokes Premature Capacitation Events: A Possible Mechanism of Infertility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0787-1398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Rivera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud de Precisi\u00f3n, Departamento de Procesos Diagn\u00f3sticos y Evaluaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7479-1062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Aroca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud de Precisi\u00f3n, Departamento de Procesos Diagn\u00f3sticos y Evaluaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Braian","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud de Precisi\u00f3n, Departamento de Procesos Diagn\u00f3sticos y Evaluaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4872-9821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neftal\u00ed","family":"Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud de Precisi\u00f3n, Departamento de Procesos Diagn\u00f3sticos y Evaluaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Letelier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud de Precisi\u00f3n, Departamento de Procesos Diagn\u00f3sticos y Evaluaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7358-7541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela","family":"Uribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8634-1396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Forn\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n de Androlog\u00eda de Mendoza, Instituto de Histolog\u00eda y Embriolog\u00eda, Departamento de Morfolog\u00eda y fisiolog\u00eda, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza M5500, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juana Valentina","family":"Villegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0325-743X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Boguen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud de Precisi\u00f3n, Departamento de Procesos Diagn\u00f3sticos y Evaluaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization, and World Bank (2011). 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