{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T03:14:00Z","timestamp":1770693240511,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]],"date-time":"2025-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004085","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1A2C2007708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C2007708"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skeletal muscle atrophy is one of the serious complications of diabetes, which increases the risk of frailty, falls, and mortality. However, interventions for muscle atrophy are limited, and research is needed regarding the treatment of muscle wasting. Recently, the bioconversion of natural products by lactic acid bacteria has been highlighted as a possibility to improve the bioavailability of active ingredients. This process also produces metabolites, which are key signaling mediators for a variety of physiological functions. This study investigated the effect of bioconverted guava leaf (Psidium guajava L., GL) by Lactobacillus plantarum on hyperglycemia-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in type 2 diabetes mellites (T2DM) mice. Diabetes was induced by a high-fat diet with a two-time streptozotocin (STZ) injection (60 mg\/kg BW) in male C57BL\/6J mice. After diabetes was induced (a fasting blood glucose level (FBG) \u2265 300 mg\/dL), the mice were administered with GL (100 mg\/kg\/day) or bioconverted GL (FGL) (50 mg\/kg\/day) by oral gavage for 14 weeks. FGL contains different substances such as hydroxyl-isocaproic acid and hydroxyl-isovaleric acid compared to GLE itself, which have potential to prevent muscle degradation in T2DM mice. GL and FGL supplementation reduced the FBG level in T2DM mice. In addition, GL and FGL supplementation enhanced muscle strength, the skeletal muscle cross-sectional area, and ameliorated ubiquitin\u2013proteasome system (UPS)-related pathways in T2DM mice. On the other hand, GLE supplementation ameliorated glucose tolerance demonstrated by oral glucose tolerance test and enhanced insulin signaling pathway. In addition, only FGL supplementation attenuated skeletal muscle inflammation and apoptosis with an improved mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR)-autophagy-related pathway. Although administered at a half dose of GLE, FGL demonstrated greater efficacy in regulating the expression of these molecular markers. The result suggests that even GL itself has anti-diabetic effects, and the functionality would be enhanced by the bioconversion of GL with L. Plantarum, which has an additive or\/and a synergistic effect. Taken together, FGL could be used as a potential nutraceutical to attenuate muscle degradation by the inhibition of inflammation, the UPS, and the apoptosis pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T20:24:16Z","timestamp":1745180656000},"page":"3877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Bioconverted Guava Leaf (Psidium guajava L.) Extract on Skeletal Muscle Damage by Regulation of Ubiquitin\u2013Proteasome System and Apoptosis in Type 2 Diabetic Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Heaji","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2687-4713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo-Gyu","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Choong Hwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute for Bioactive-Metabolome Network, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3408-8595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunsook","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151","article-title":"Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2022.18.157","article-title":"Sarcopenia and Chronic Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"18","author":"Purnamasari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Diabet. Stud."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.4.817","article-title":"Skeletal muscle lipid content and oxidative enzyme activity in relation to muscle fiber type in type 2 diabetes and obesity","volume":"50","author":"He","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-016-1933-3","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of sarcopenia and cachexia: Recent research advances","volume":"469","author":"Sakuma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H.W., Chen, Y.J., Chang, Y.C., and Chang, S.J. (2017). Oligonol, a Low-Molecular Weight Polyphenol Derived from Lychee, Alleviates Muscle Loss in Diabetes by Suppressing Atrogin-1 and MuRF1. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9091040"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Jiao, H., Zhao, J., Wang, X., and Lin, H. (2016). Glucocorticoids Enhance Muscle Proteolysis through a Myostatin-Dependent Pathway at the Early Stage. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156225"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e494","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.31","article-title":"Myostatin induces mitochondrial metabolic alteration and typical apoptosis in cancer cells","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2006.08.011","article-title":"Skeletal muscle apoptosis, sarcopenia and frailty at old age","volume":"41","author":"Marzetti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608500103","article-title":"Diabetes-enhanced inflammation and apoptosis--impact on periodontal pathology","volume":"85","author":"Graves","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.1.8574","article-title":"Specific expression of Bax-omega in pancreatic beta-cells is down-regulated by cytokines before the onset of apoptosis","volume":"143","author":"Kefas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, M., Tomar, M., Amarowicz, R., Saurabh, V., Nair, M.S., Maheshwari, C., Sasi, M., Prajapati, U., Hasan, M., and Singh, S. (2021). Guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves: Nutritional composition, phytochemical profile, and health-promoting bioactivities. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10040752"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1612.12005","article-title":"Bioconversion Using Lactic Acid Bacteria: Ginsenosides, GABA, and Phenolic Compounds","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jun, B.G., Kim, S.H., Kim, S.H., Hong, S.M., Lee, H., Lim, Y., Kim, S.-Y., and Lee, C.-H. (2024). Metabolomic Comparison of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Leaf Extracts Fermented by Limosilactobacillus fermentum and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Their Antioxidant and Antiglycation Activities. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16060841"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knez, E., Kadac-Czapska, K., and Grembecka, M. (2023). Effect of Fermentation on the Nutritional Quality of the Selected Vegetables and Legumes and Their Health Effects. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13030655"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2017.07.004","article-title":"Fermentation of red ginseng extract by the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11613P: Ginsenoside conversion and antioxidant effects","volume":"43","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2020.102940","article-title":"Enhancing three phenolic fractions of oats (Avena sativa L.) and their antioxidant activities by solid-state fermentation with Monascus anka and Bacillus subtilis","volume":"93","author":"Ghen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.114104","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation on antioxidant activity and metabolomic profiles of loquat juice","volume":"171","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-023-10103-4","article-title":"Role of Phenolic Acid Metabolism in Enhancing Bioactivity of Mentha Extract Fermented with Plant-Derived Lactobacillus plantarum SN13T","volume":"16","author":"Shakya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeon, S., Lee, H., Kim, S.Y., Lee, C.H., and Lim, Y. (2025). Effects of metabolites derived from guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaf extract fermented by Limosilactobacillus fermentum on hepatic energy metabolism via SIRT1-PGC1\u03b1 signaling in diabetic mice. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010007"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5898","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02761K","article-title":"Lactic acid bacteria reduce diabetes symptoms in mice by alleviating gut microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation in different manners","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5110276","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5110276","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Association, Mechanism, and Translational Applications","volume":"2021","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9830200","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9830200","article-title":"Probiotic Supplements Improve Blood Glucose and Insulin Resistance\/Sensitivity among Healthy and GDM Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"2021","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pakmehr, A., Ejtahed, H.S., Shirzad, N., Hemmatabadi, M., Farhat, S., and Larijani, B. (2022). Preventive effect of probiotics supplementation on occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1031915"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H.Y., Zhou, D.D., Gan, R.Y., Huang, S.Y., Zhao, C.N., Shang, A., Xu, X.Y., and Li, H.B. (2021). Effects and Mechanisms of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Postbiotics on Metabolic Diseases Targeting Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093211"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0061520","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00615-20","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum Reduces Low-Grade Inflammation and Glucose Levels in a Mouse Model of Chronic Stress and Diabetes","volume":"89","author":"Youn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6363","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO00698C","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 ameliorates type 2 diabetes in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice in association with modulating the gut microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/123.9.1513","article-title":"Alpha-keto and alpha-hydroxy branched-chain acid interrelationships in normal humans","volume":"123","author":"Hoffer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mann, G., Mora, S., Madu, G., and Adegoke, O.A.J. (2021). Branched-chain Amino Acids: Catabolism in Skeletal Muscle and Implications for Muscle and Whole-body Metabolism. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.702826"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sumi, K., Sakuda, M., Munakata, K., Nakamura, K., and Ashida, K. (2021). \u03b1-Hydroxyisocaproic Acid Decreases Protein Synthesis but Attenuates TNF\u03b1\/IFN\u03b3 Co-Exposure-Induced Protein Degradation and Myotube Atrophy via Suppression of iNOS and IL-6 in Murine C2C12 Myotube. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072391"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.032573","article-title":"Effects of green tea catechins with or without caffeine on glycemic control in adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"97","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyedemi, S.O., Nwaogu, G., Chukwuma, C.I., Adeyemi, O.T., Matsabisa, M.G., Swain, S.S., and Aiyegoro, O.A. (2020). Quercetin modulates hyperglycemia by improving the pancreatic antioxidant status and enzymes activities linked with glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes model of rats: In silico studies of molecular interaction of quercetin with hexokinase and catalase. J. Food Biochem., 44.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13127"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy022","article-title":"Cholic Acid Supplementation of a High-Fat Obesogenic Diet Suppresses Hepatic Triacylglycerol Accumulation in Mice via a Fibroblast Growth Factor 21-Dependent Mechanism","volume":"148","author":"Ippagunta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2404.04009","article-title":"Bacterial Growth Modulatory Effects of Two Branched-Chain Hydroxy Acids and Their Production Level by Gut Microbiota","volume":"34","author":"Hwang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.10.2939","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces skeletal muscle insulin resistance in healthy human subjects via inhibition of Akt substrate 160 phosphorylation","volume":"54","author":"Plomgaard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patsouris, D., Cao, J.J., Vial, G., Bravard, A., Lefai, E., Durand, A., Durand, C., Chauvin, M.A., Laugerette, F., and Debard, C. (2014). Insulin resistance is associated with MCP1-mediated macrophage accumulation in skeletal muscle in mice and humans. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110653"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101101","article-title":"Bile acids attenuate hepatic inflammation during ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calzadilla, N., Comiskey, S.M., Dudeja, P.K., Saksena, S., Gill, R.K., and Alrefai, W.A. (2022). Bile acids as inflammatory mediators and modulators of intestinal permeability. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1021924"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12233","article-title":"Small-molecule inhibition of MuRF1 attenuates skeletal muscle atrophy and dysfunction in cardiac cachexia","volume":"8","author":"Bowen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E416","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00618.2012","article-title":"Chronic \u03b1-hydroxyisocaproic acid treatment improves muscle recovery after immobilization-induced atrophy","volume":"305","author":"Lang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, G., Jin, H., Mikhail, H., Pavel, V., Yang, G., Ji, B., Lu, B., and Li, Y. (2023). Autophagy in sarcopenia: Possible mechanisms and novel therapies. Biomed. Pharmacother., 165.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115147"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, Q., Huang, X., Huang, J., Zheng, Y., March, M.E., Li, J., and Wei, Y. (2021). The Role of Autophagy in Skeletal Muscle Diseases. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.638983"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00551-9","article-title":"Autophagy in metabolic disease and ageing","volume":"17","author":"Kitada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, Z., Liang, J., Wu, L., Zhang, H., Lv, J., and Chen, N. (2020). Exercise-Induced Autophagy Suppresses Sarcopenia Through Akt\/mTOR and Akt\/FoxO3a Signal Pathways and AMPK-Mediated Mitochondrial Quality Control. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.583478"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"97","article-title":"Guava leaf extract attenuated muscle proteolysis in dexamethasone induced muscle atrophic mice via ubiquitin proteasome system, mTOR-autophagy, and apoptosis pathway","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2016.1196318","article-title":"Absence of autophagy promotes apoptosis by modulating the ROS-dependent RLR signaling pathway in classical swine fever virus-infected cells","volume":"12","author":"Pei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12399","article-title":"Apoptosis and necrosis mediate skeletal muscle fiber loss in age-induced mitochondrial enzymatic abnormalities","volume":"14","author":"Cheema","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.04789804","article-title":"Caspase activation, inhibition, and reactivation: A mechanistic view","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400476","article-title":"Emerging roles of caspase-3 in apoptosis","volume":"6","author":"Porter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"99","article-title":"Effect of the duration of high-fat diet and the dosage of streptozotocin on establishing experimental animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wei Sheng Yan Jiu"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeshita, H., Yamamoto, K., Nozato, S., Inagaki, T., Tsuchimochi, H., Shirai, M., Yamamoto, R., Imaizumi, Y., Hongyo, K., and Yokoyama, S. (2017). Modified forelimb grip strength test detects aging-associated physiological decline in skeletal muscle function in male mice. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42323"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Yue, F., and Kuang, S. (2017). Muscle Histology Characterization Using H&E Staining and Muscle Fiber Type Classification Using Immunofluorescence Staining. Bio Protoc., 7.","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.2279"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2022.12.007","article-title":"Lespedeza bicolor extract supplementation reduced hyperglycemia-induced skeletal muscle damage by regulation of AMPK\/SIRT\/PGC1\u03b1-related energy metabolism in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"110","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/8\/3877\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:17:58Z","timestamp":1760030278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/8\/3877"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26083877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26083877","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]]}}}