{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T16:01:35Z","timestamp":1784304095080,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several studies evaluated the association between adipokines, including leptin, in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Nevertheless, the results have been inconclusive and conflicting. Therefore, we assessed the pertinent published studies and evaluated the association between leptin levels and ACS. In January 2023, we conducted a comprehensive systematic search using Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. Using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale, we evaluated the quality of all the articles we included. The principal summary outcome was the mean difference (MD) in leptin levels. We included 16 studies in our systematic review, 10 of which were included in meta-analysis. The MD in leptin levels was then evaluated in each subgroup: the patients with ACS versus the controls, the patients with ACS versus the patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP), and the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and ACS versus the patients without diabetes, but with ACS. Respectively, the following MDs were obtained: 10.508 (95% CI 3.670\u201317.346); 2.408 (95% CI \u22120.150\u20134.966); and 17.089 (95% CI 5.565\u201328.612). The leptin levels were significantly higher in the patients with ACS compared to the healthy controls, as well as in the patients with ACS and T2DM compared to those without T2DM. However, no statistically significant increase in leptin levels was observed when comparing the patients with ACS to those with SAP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26093925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T03:17:32Z","timestamp":1745291852000},"page":"3925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Leptin Unveiled: A Potential Biomarker for Acute Coronary Syndrome with Implications for Tailored Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes\u2014Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7435-271X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Ismaiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ga\u00eblle","family":"Oliveira-Grilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4218-8622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel-Corneliu","family":"Leucuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahlah","family":"Al Srouji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5840-5137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ismaiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Altnagelvin Hospital, Londonderry BT47 6LS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5508-2598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan-Lucian","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e9349","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Ischemic Heart Disease: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155848","article-title":"Prognostic role of inflammatory cytokines and novel adipokines in acute myocardial infarction: An updated and comprehensive review","volume":"153","author":"Mitsis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990\u20132019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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