{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:23Z","timestamp":1787028563865,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania","award":["28567\/02.10.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28567\/02.10.2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global rise in antimicrobial resistance, particularly among ESKAPE pathogens, has intensified the demand for alternative therapeutic strategies. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and represent a promising approach to combat multidrug-resistant infections. This study aimed to synthesize and functionalize AgNPs using various polymeric agents\u2014ethylene glycol (EG), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and their combinations\u2014and to evaluate their antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy against clinically relevant bacterial strains. AgNPs were synthesized via chemical reduction and functionalized as Ag@EG, Ag@PEG, Ag@EG\/PVP, and Ag@PEG\/PVP. A total of 68 clinical isolates\u2014including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa\u2014were tested. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays, while antibiofilm activity was evaluated via the crystal violet method. Among all tested formulations, Ag@EG\/PVP exhibited the highest antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity, with notably low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC50) and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBEC50) for Ps. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. In contrast, AgNPs functionalized with PEG or EG alone showed limited efficacy. Biofilm-forming isolates, particularly Staphylococcus spp., required higher concentrations for inhibition. These results highlight the critical role of functionalization in modulating the antimicrobial properties of AgNPs, with Ag@EG\/PVP demonstrating potent activity against both planktonic and biofilm-associated multidrug-resistant bacteria. Overall, this study supports further developing AgNPs-based formulations as adjuncts or alternatives to conventional antibiotics, particularly for managing biofilm-related infections. Future research should focus on formulation optimization, safety assessment, and translational potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26093930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T05:00:42Z","timestamp":1745298042000},"page":"3930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Silver Nanoparticles Functionalized with Polymeric Substances to Reduce the Growth of Planktonic and Biofilm Opportunistic Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5927-7069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u0103d\u0103lina","family":"Solomon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Virology, Faculty of Midwives and Nursing, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumology, 050159 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina Maria","family":"Holban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany-Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6652-4125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"B\u0103l\u0103ceanu-Gur\u0103u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncologic Dermatology, \u201cElias\u201d Emergency University Hospital, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6593-255X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lia Mara","family":"Di\u021bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany-Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adina","family":"Alberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Management, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3036-094X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru Mihai","family":"Grumezescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany-Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxidic Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No. 1\u20137, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8694-6195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loredana Sabina Cornelia","family":"Manolescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Virology, Faculty of Midwives and Nursing, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumology, 050159 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1436-0088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mara M\u0103d\u0103lina","family":"Mihai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Oncologic Dermatology, \u201cElias\u201d Emergency University Hospital, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2016.1241792","article-title":"A Review on Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications","volume":"45","author":"Rafique","year":"2017","journal-title":"Artif. 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