{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:12:20Z","timestamp":1790187140623,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Persistent high-risk Human Papillomavirus infection is the primary factor in cervical carcinogenesis. However, other host-related features are believed to play a role as well. Recent research suggests that the vaginal microbiome and the immune microenvironment play a significant role in the acquisition and persistence of Human Papillomavirus infection, as well as in the regression or progression of cervical intraepithelial lesions. Studies in this emerging field describe factors associated with this interaction, though the precise nature remains incompletely understood. In this narrative review, we aim to summarize the current literature on the topic and propose hypotheses and recommendations for future research and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26093954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T20:24:52Z","timestamp":1745353492000},"page":"3954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Vaginal Microbiota and Local Immunity in HPV-Induced High-Grade Cervical Dysplasia: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0884-2141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena C. J.","family":"Schellekens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"GROW\u2014School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7937-0971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lotte M. S.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Servaas A.","family":"Morr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW\u2014School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health Genomics, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, FHML, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Dutch Chlamydia Trachomatis Reference Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), 6229 GT Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7387-5922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edith M. G.","family":"van Esch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peggy J.","family":"de Vos van Steenwijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"GROW\u2014School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00177-0","article-title":"Epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection","volume":"102","author":"Koutsky","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. 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