{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:09:08Z","timestamp":1790554148024,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India","award":["5\/4\/7-3\/2019\/NCD-II"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/4\/7-3\/2019\/NCD-II"]}]},{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India","award":["IA\/CPHI\/19\/1\/504609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA\/CPHI\/19\/1\/504609"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009053","name":"Department of Biotechnology-Wellcome Trust, India Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5\/4\/7-3\/2019\/NCD-II"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/4\/7-3\/2019\/NCD-II"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009053","name":"Department of Biotechnology-Wellcome Trust, India Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IA\/CPHI\/19\/1\/504609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA\/CPHI\/19\/1\/504609"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D has been shown to improve immunity as well as vascular function. We investigated the effect of cholecalciferol on T-cell phenotype in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from twenty vitamin D-deficient, non-diabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD) subjects. We also studied vitamin D effects on endothelial and vascular function markers in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs), respectively. We studied endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), mitogen-activated protein kinase 38 (p38 Map kinase), protein kinase B (Akt), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase) in HAECs and \u03b1-smooth muscle actin (\u03b1-SMA), smooth muscle calponin (SM-Calponin), smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC), and calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in HASMCs. Vitamin D receptors (VDRs) and CYP27B1 were studied in both cell types. In cultured PBMCs isolated from CKD subjects, the percentage of T helper 1(TH1) cells significantly decreased while that of T helper 2 (TH2) cells increased after cholecalciferol treatment. No significant change in intracellular and surface markers of T helper 17 (TH17) and T regulatory (Treg) cells was observed. In vitro treatment of HASMCs and HAECs with cholecalciferol led to significant and favorable alterations in mRNA expression of markers of vascular smooth muscle cells, i.e., \u03b1-SMA, SM-Calponin, and SM-MHC. Regarding endothelial cell markers, mRNA encoding eNOS, p38 Map kinase, protein kinase B (Akt), NADPH oxidase, VDR, and CYP27B1 were also significantly changed. Finally, the expression levels of the following proteins were notably altered: NADPH oxidase and protein kinase B (Akt) (in HAECs); SM-MHC and SM-Calponin (in HASMCs). In vitro treatment of PBMCs with cholecalciferol led to a favorable change in T-cell population, decreasing TH1 and increasing TH2 cell percentage, along with beneficial alterations in mRNA expression of HASMCs and HAECs\u2019 cell markers. This study provides evidence that cholecalciferol can influence immune and vascular function in CKD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26093967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T03:43:37Z","timestamp":1745379817000},"page":"3967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["In Vitro Study of Vitamin D Effects on Immune, Endothelial, and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Kajal","family":"Kamboj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok Kumar","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.223","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease. 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