{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T21:05:27Z","timestamp":1790975127774,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enteric fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi (S. Paratyphi) A, B, and C. Globally, an estimated 11 to 21 million cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever occur annually, with approximately 130,000\u2013160,000 deaths, most of which are reported in South\/Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The antibiotic susceptibility of S. Typhi strains varies between countries within broad limits, from 3% to 97% for ampicillin, 9% to 95% for ciprofloxacin, 4% to 94% for chloramphenicol (India vs. Pakistan), and 0% to 99% for ceftriaxone (India vs. Iraq). With S. Typhi increasingly exhibiting resistance to antibiotics, vaccination becomes an essential preventive measure. Currently, three vaccines are licensed for typhoid fever: the typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), live-attenuated oral vaccine Ty21a (Ty21a), and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (Vi-CPS). While no specific vaccine exists for paratyphoid fever, the genetic and antigenic similarities between S. Paratyphi and S. Typhi offer potential for the development of such a vaccine. Early studies show promising results, demonstrating both safety and immunogenicity in preclinical trials. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) provides a powerful tool for assigning genotypes, identifying plasmids, comparing genetic elements, and investigating molecular factors that contribute to antibiotic resistance and virulence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26093981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T06:38:37Z","timestamp":1745390317000},"page":"3981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Assessing Salmonella Typhi Pathogenicity and Prevention: The Crucial Role of Vaccination in Combating Typhoid Fever"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0126-0640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena Roxana","family":"Buzil\u0103","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Discipline, Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Iasi Regional Center for Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, 700465 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7720-4499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia Simona","family":"Dorneanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Discipline, Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases \u201cSf. Parascheva\u201d, 700116 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8551-3053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felicia","family":"Trofin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Discipline, Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cSf. Spiridon\u201d Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Mihaela","family":"Sima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Discipline, Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases \u201cSf. Parascheva\u201d, 700116 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2592-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lumini\u021ba Smaranda","family":"Iancu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Discipline, Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Iasi Regional Center for Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, 700465 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e41831","article-title":"Enteric Fever: Diagnostic Challenges and the Importance of Early Intervention","volume":"15","author":"Saha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffman, S.A., Sikorski, M.J., and Levine, M.M. (2023). Chronic Salmonella Typhi carriage at sites other than the gallbladder. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011168"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091313-103739","article-title":"Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and the pathogenesis of typhoid fever","volume":"68","author":"Dougan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. 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