{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:01:26Z","timestamp":1790996486891,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan","award":["2023JJ20023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ20023"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan","award":["82200198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82200198"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan","award":["82370177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82370177"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023JJ20023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ20023"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82200198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82200198"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82370177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82370177"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a devastating disease characterized by extensive inter-patient and intra-patient heterogeneity. Despite the introduction of intensive chemotherapy in the 1970s as the standard treatment, the development of mechanism-based targeted therapies since 2017 has been broadening the therapeutic landscape. However, both chemotherapy and targeted therapies continue to face the challenges of primary and secondary resistance. This review summarizes the mechanisms underlying resistance to chemotherapy and targeted therapies in AML and discusses the opportunities and challenges brought by the transition from chemotherapy to precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T04:04:50Z","timestamp":1745467490000},"page":"4005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["From Chemotherapy to Targeted Therapy: Unraveling Resistance in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Through Genetic and Non-Genetic Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shuting","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuxia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3581-4832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ganqian","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-08-733196","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of AML in Adults: 2017 ELN Recommendations from an International Expert Panel","volume":"129","author":"Estey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-07-235358","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Adults: Recommendations from an International Expert Panel, on Behalf of the European LeukemiaNet","volume":"115","author":"Estey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00108-3","article-title":"Acute Myeloid Leukaemia","volume":"401","author":"DiNardo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-021-00425-3","article-title":"Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Current Progress and Future Directions","volume":"11","author":"Kantarjian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01424-6","article-title":"Recent Advances in Targeted Therapies in Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"16","author":"Bhansali","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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