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However, the environmental concerns arising from the widespread discharge of these agents into marine ecosystems cannot be overlooked. An innovative and promising alternative involves incorporating antimicrobial groups into polymers to create coatings endowed with intrinsic antimicrobial properties. In this study, we reported an urushiol-based benzoxazine (URB) monomer, synthesized from natural urushiol and antibacterial rosin amine. The URB monomer was subsequently polymerized through thermal curing ring-opening polymerization, resulting in the formation of a urushiol-based benzoxazine polymer (URHP) coating with inherent antimicrobial properties. The surface of the URHP coating is smooth, flat, and non-permeable. Contact angle and surface energy measurements confirm that the URHP coating is hydrophobic with low surface energy. In the absence of antimicrobial agent release, the intrinsic properties of the URHP coating can effectively kill or repel fouling organisms. Furthermore, with bare glass slides serving as the control sample, the coating demonstrates outstanding anti-adhesion capabilities against four types of bacteria (E. coli, S. aureus, V. alginolyticus, and Bacillus sp.), and three marine microalgae (N. closterium, P. tricornutum, and D. zhan-jiangensis), proving its efficacy in preventing fouling organisms from settling and adhering to the surface. Thus, the combined antibacterial and anti-adhesion properties endow the URHP coating with superior antifouling performance. This non-release antifouling coating represents a green and environmentally sustainable strategy for antifouling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T11:48:33Z","timestamp":1745840913000},"page":"4118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Intrinsic Antibacterial Urushiol-Based Benzoxazine Polymer Coating for Marine Antifouling Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Nuo","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jide","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst (NERC-CFC), College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinrong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengcai","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guocai","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7085-3592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jipeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanlian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Engineering Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2022.101516","article-title":"Functional polymer materials for modern marine biofouling control","volume":"127","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. 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