{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:24:45Z","timestamp":1787066685153,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32370915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32370915"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32171114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32171114"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic non-steroidal estrogen, which was widely used to prevent preterm birth and abortion from the 1940s to the 1970s. DES can increase the incidence of infertility, the abnormal reproductive tract, and autoimmune diseases. However, the mechanism underlying DES on early pregnancy in mice is unclear. This study evaluated the effects of DES on early pregnancy in mice, especially on uterine receptivity and decidualization. Newborn female mice were subcutaneously injected with 0.1 mg\/kg DES, 1 mg\/kg DES, or sesame oil as controls for 5 consecutive days. At 6 weeks old, these female mice were mated with 8\u201312-week-old fertile males to obtain pregnancy. The uteri of these mice were collected on days 4, 5, and 8 of pregnancy for further analysis. On days 5 and 8 of pregnancy, the number of implantation sites in 0.1 mg\/kg DES group is similar to the control group, while almost no implantation sites are detected in the 1 mg\/kg DES group. On day 4 of pregnancy, there was no significant difference in uterine receptive molecules between the control group and the 0.1 mg\/kg DES group. However, the levels of uterine receptive molecules in the 1 mg\/kg DES group are abnormal. In addition, 6 \u03bcM DES significantly inhibits mouse in vitro decidualization. The excessive activation of pyroptosis may lead to pregnancy failure. The pyroptosis-related molecules in the 1 mg\/kg DES group were significantly up-regulated, suggesting that DES may contribute to pregnancy failure by over-activating pyroptosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T11:48:33Z","timestamp":1745840913000},"page":"4122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effect of Diethylstilbestrol on Implantation and Decidualization in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Ran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si-Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan-Dan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6016-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeng-Ming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-122-10-199505150-00008","article-title":"Diethylstilbestrol revisited: A review of the long-term health effects","volume":"122","author":"Giusti","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2012.03.002","article-title":"Diethylstilboestrol\u2014A long-term legacy","volume":"72","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2017.04.009","article-title":"Current perspective of diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure in mothers and offspring","volume":"71","author":"Sergi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/6.2.154","article-title":"Diethylstilbestrol (DES)-induced cell cycle delay and meiotic spindle disruption in mouse oocytes during in-vitro maturation","volume":"6","author":"Can","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-013-1095-4","article-title":"Suppression of erythropoietin induction by diethylstilbestrol in rats","volume":"88","author":"Horiguchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-019-02487-6","article-title":"The in vivo developmental toxicity of diethylstilbestrol (DES) in rat evaluated by an alternative testing strategy","volume":"93","author":"Adam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz090","article-title":"Mice lacking membrane estrogen receptor 1 are protected from reproductive pathologies resulting from developmental estrogen exposure\u2020","volume":"101","author":"Nanjappa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.10147","article-title":"Neonatal diethylstilbestrol exposure induces persistent elevation of c-fos expression and hypomethylation in its exon-4 in mouse uterus","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7826","DOI":"10.1021\/es301043b","article-title":"Short-term study investigating the estrogenic potency of diethylstilbesterol in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)","volume":"46","author":"Adedeji","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39769","article-title":"Development of a monoclonal antibody-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening of diethylstilbestrol in animal-derived foods","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126182","article-title":"Diethylstilbestrol exposure disrupts mouse oocyte meiotic maturation in vitro through affecting spindle assembly and chromosome alignment","volume":"249","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.06.011","article-title":"Novel molecularly imprinted polymer prepared by nanoattapulgite as matrix for selective solid-phase extraction of diethylstilbestrol","volume":"1216","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-8049(93)90597-9","article-title":"Diethylstilboestrol: II, pharmacology, toxicology and carcinogenicity in experimental animals","volume":"29","author":"Marselos","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"45","article-title":"Diethylstilbestrol metabolism in food-producing animals","volume":"1","author":"Aschbacher","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Suppl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4452","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.9682","article-title":"Preparation of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers for the rapid detection of diethylstilbestrol in milk samples","volume":"99","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-023-03442-2","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling of the developing rat ovary following intrauterine exposure to the endocrine disruptors diethylstilbestrol and ketoconazole","volume":"97","author":"Kugathas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.5.2056","article-title":"Prostate enlargement in mice due to fetal exposure to low doses of estradiol or diethylstilbestrol and opposite effects at high doses","volume":"94","author":"Timms","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2012.138","article-title":"Brief maternal exposure of rats to the xenobiotics dibutyl phthalate or diethylstilbestrol alters adult-type Leydig cell development in male offspring","volume":"15","author":"Ivell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.01.062","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES)","volume":"89","author":"Newbold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-1037","article-title":"Neonatal exposure to bisphenol A alters rat uterine implantation-associated gene expression and reduces the number of implantation sites","volume":"152","author":"Varayoud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119222","article-title":"BHPF exposure impairs mouse and human decidualization","volume":"304","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2021.12.015","article-title":"Human implantation: The complex interplay between endometrial receptivity, inflammation, and the microbiome","volume":"117","author":"Sehring","year":"2022","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.10.031","article-title":"Successful implantation is associated with a transient increase in serum pro-inflammatory cytokine profile followed by a switch to anti-inflammatory cytokine profile prior to confirmation of pregnancy","volume":"115","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.64","article-title":"The unique immunological and microbial aspects of pregnancy","volume":"17","author":"Mor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2009.00792.x","article-title":"Inflammation and implantation","volume":"63","author":"Dekel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.050623","article-title":"Transient neonatal estrogen exposure to estrogen-deficient mice (aromatase knockout) reduces prostate weight and induces inflammation in late life","volume":"168","author":"Bianco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Q., Ali, M., Trevi\u00f1o, L.S., Mas, A., Ismail, N., and Al-Hendy, A. (2023). Epigenetic Modulation of Inflammatory Pathways in Myometrial Stem Cells and Risk of Uterine Fibroids. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411641"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4310","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.71086","article-title":"Pyroptosis in inflammatory diseases and cancer","volume":"12","author":"Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36614-w","article-title":"GSDME-mediated pyroptosis promotes the progression and associated inflammation of atherosclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201694696","article-title":"GSDMD membrane pore formation constitutes the mechanism of pyroptotic cell death","volume":"35","author":"Sborgi","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2019.09.005","article-title":"Emerging Activators and Regulators of Inflammasomes and Pyroptosis","volume":"40","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00154-z","article-title":"Channelling inflammation: Gasdermins in physiology and disease","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, X., Wan, J., and Tan, G. (2023). The mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome\/pyroptosis activation and their role in diabetic retinopathy. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1151185"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2022.04.003","article-title":"NLRP3 and pyroptosis blockers for treating inflammatory diseases","volume":"43","author":"Coll","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Cheng, H., Tong, Z., and Cai, J. (2024). Nanoparticle-mediated cell pyroptosis: A new therapeutic strategy for inflammatory diseases and cancer. J. Nanobiotechnol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02763-3"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z.S., Pan, H.Y., Shi, W.W., Chen, S.T., Wang, Y., Li, M.Y., Zhang, H.Y., Yang, C., Liu, A.X., and Yang, Z.M. (2021). Regulation and Function of Laminin A5 during Mouse and Human Decidualization. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010199"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0470431","article-title":"The role of the oestrogen secreted before oestrus in the preparation of the uterus for implantation in the mouse","volume":"47","author":"Finn","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.06.110","article-title":"Ki67 is a Graded Rather than a Binary Marker of Proliferation versus Quiescence","volume":"24","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr1041","article-title":"Basal cytokeratins and their relationship to the cellular origin and functional classification of breast cancer","volume":"7","author":"Gusterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03982.x","article-title":"Roles of p63 in differentiation of M\u00fcllerian duct epithelial cells","volume":"948","author":"Kurita","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-16-0084","article-title":"SIX1 Oncoprotein as a Biomarker in a Model of Hormonal Carcinogenesis and in Human Endometrial Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Suen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-19-0475","article-title":"SIX1 Regulates Aberrant Endometrial Epithelial Cell Differentiation and Cancer Latency Following Developmental Estrogenic Chemical Exposure","volume":"17","author":"Suen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.12.011","article-title":"Physiological and molecular determinants of embryo implantation","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14303","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.14303","article-title":"The activation of cGAS-STING pathway causes abnormal uterine receptivity in aged mice","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.130348mb","article-title":"Role of uterine stromal-epithelial crosstalk in embryo implantation","volume":"58","author":"Hantak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.022764","article-title":"Differential expression of ezrin\/radixin\/moesin (ERM) and ERM-associated adhesion molecules in the blastocyst and uterus suggests their functions during implantation","volume":"70","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.12.034","article-title":"Endometrial polyps affect uterine receptivity","volume":"95","author":"Rackow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.079418","article-title":"Expression of human MUC1 during early pregnancy in the human MUC1 transgenic mouse model","volume":"81","author":"Dharmaraj","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2402299","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202402299","article-title":"Embryo-Derived Cathepsin B Promotes Implantation and Decidualization by Activating Pyroptosis","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1164","article-title":"Adverse effects of the model environmental estrogen diethylstilbestrol are transmitted to subsequent generations","volume":"147","author":"Newbold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2014.07.072","article-title":"Timing and recovery of postweaning exposure to diethylstilbestrol on early pregnancy in CD-1 mice","volume":"49","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod44.4.575","article-title":"Diethylstilbestrol-induced perinatal lethality in the rat. I. Relationship to reduced maternal weight gain","volume":"44","author":"Clevenger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfad066","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol has long-lasting, transgenerational impacts on fertility and reproductive development","volume":"195","author":"Rogers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-4520.2009.00247.x","article-title":"Early embryonic losses in mice induced by diethylstilbestrol","volume":"49","author":"Nagao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Congenit. Anom."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.01.009","article-title":"Ioxynil and diethylstilbestrol disrupt vascular and heart development in zebrafish","volume":"124","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01038","article-title":"Roles of p63 in the diethylstilbestrol-induced cervicovaginal adenosis","volume":"131","author":"Kurita","year":"2004","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3880483","article-title":"Expression of cytokeratin 5\/6 in epithelial neoplasms: An immunohistochemical study of 509 cases","volume":"15","author":"Chu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0b013e3181b507c6","article-title":"The expression and diagnostic utility of p63 in the female genital tract","volume":"16","author":"Houghton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7014","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502544102","article-title":"Estrogenic chemicals in plastic and oral contraceptives disrupt development of the fetal mouse prostate and urethra","volume":"102","author":"Timms","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padilla-Banks, E., Jefferson, W.N., Papas, B.N., Suen, A.A., Xu, X., Carreon, D.V., Willson, C.J., Quist, E.M., and Williams, C.J. (2023). Developmental estrogen exposure in mice disrupts uterine epithelial cell differentiation and causes adenocarcinoma via Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin and PI3K\/AKT signaling. PLoS Biol., 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002334"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115990","article-title":"In utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol and blood DNA methylation in adult women: Results from a meta-analysis of two cohort studies","volume":"231","author":"Bodelon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2744(199708)19:4<236::AID-MC4>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Accelerated onset of uterine tumors in transgenic mice with aberrant expression of the estrogen receptor after neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol","volume":"19","author":"Couse","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-017-9389-6","article-title":"Altered microRNA expression patterns during the initiation and promotion stages of neonatal diethylstilbestrol-induced dysplasia\/neoplasia in the hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) uterus","volume":"33","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.04.029","article-title":"Mouse model of human infertility: Transient and local inhibition of endometrial STAT-3 activation results in implantation failure","volume":"580","author":"Nakamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S.Y., Song, Z., Song, M.J., Qin, J.W., Zhao, M.L., and Yang, Z.M. (2016). Impaired receptivity and decidualization in DHEA-induced PCOS mice. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38134"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Z.R., Xu, X.L., Deng, S.L., Lian, Z.X., and Yu, K. (2020). Oestrogenic Endocrine Disruptors in the Placenta and the Fetus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041519"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.05.092","article-title":"Evaluation of the potential role of diethylstilbestrol on the induction of endometriosis in a rat model\u2014An alternative approach","volume":"617","author":"Krishnamoorthy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Chen, S.T., He, Y.Y., Li, B., Yang, C., Yang, Z.S., and Yang, Z.M. (2023). The regulation and function of acetylated high-mobility group box 1 during implantation and decidualization. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1024706"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-021-02065-8","article-title":"Pyroptosis at the forefront of anticancer immunity","volume":"40","author":"Loveless","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R277","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-16-0453","article-title":"Sterile inflammation and pregnancy complications: A review","volume":"152","author":"Obari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2006.03.001","article-title":"Inflammation and miscarriage","volume":"11","author":"Christiansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.020","article-title":"The P2X7 Receptor in Infection and Inflammation","volume":"47","author":"Sarti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba3396","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aba3396","article-title":"Blastocyst-induced ATP release from luminal epithelial cells initiates decidualization through the P2Y2 receptor in mice","volume":"13","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Signal"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.04.050","article-title":"Bacterial endotoxin (LPS)-induced DNA damage in preimplanting embryonic and uterine cells inhibits implantation","volume":"91","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112012","article-title":"Polystyrene microplastics lead to pyroptosis and apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells via NLRP3\/Caspase-1 signaling pathway in rats","volume":"212","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131543","article-title":"BPDE exposure promotes trophoblast cell pyroptosis and induces miscarriage by up-regulating lnc-HZ14\/ZBP1\/NLRP3 axis","volume":"455","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S.T., Ran, F., Shi, W.W., Liu, C.K., Wang, P.C., Luo, H.N., and Yang, Z.M. (2024). Tryptophan in the mouse diet is essential for embryo implantation and decidualization. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1356914"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/9\/4122\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:22:05Z","timestamp":1760030525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/9\/4122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26094122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26094122","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]}}}