{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T21:02:38Z","timestamp":1787259758828,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondecyt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1241555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1241555"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondecyt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1230199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1230199"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondecyt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1210661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1210661"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondecyt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1201173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1201173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the most urgent threats to public health worldwide is the ongoing rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. Among the most critical pathogens are MDR-Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. The lack of new antibiotics has led to an increased need for non-antibiotic antimicrobial therapies. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has become increasingly significant in treating MDR bacteria. PDT uses photosensitizer compounds (PS) that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) when activated by light. These ROS produce localized oxidative stress, damaging the bacterial envelope. A downside of PDT is the limited bioavailability of PSs in vivo, which can be enhanced by conjugating them with carriers like nanoparticles (NPs). Zinc nanoparticles possess antibacterial properties, decreasing the adherence and viability of microorganisms on surfaces. The additive or synergistic effect of the combined NP-PS could improve phototherapeutic action. Therefore, this study evaluated the effectiveness of the copper(I)-based PS CuC1 compound in combination with Zinc Oxide NP, ZnONP, to inhibit the growth of both MDR and sensitive K. pneumoniae strains. The reduction in bacterial viability after exposure to a PS\/NP mixture activated by 61.2 J\/cm2 of blue light photodynamic treatment was assessed. The optimal PS\/NP ratio was determined at 2 \u00b5g\/mL of CuC1 combined with 64 \u00b5g\/mL of ZnONP as the minimum effective concentration (MEC). The bacterial gene response aligned with a mechanism of photooxidative stress induced by the treatment, which damages the bacterial cell envelope. Additionally, we found that the PS\/NP mixture is not harmful to mammalian cells, such as Hep-G2 and HEK-293. In conclusion, the CuC1\/ZnONP combination could effectively aid in enhancing the antimicrobial treatment of infections caused by MDR bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T11:48:33Z","timestamp":1745840913000},"page":"4178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Photodynamic Effectiveness of Copper-Iminopyridine Photosensitizers Coupled to Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Against Klebsiella pneumoniae and the Bacterial Response to Oxidative Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Dafne Berenice","family":"Hormaz\u00e1bal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Celular y Fotodin\u00e1mica, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ingenier\u00eda de Materiales, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Lord Cochrane 418, Santiago 8330546, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngeles Beatriz","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Celular y Fotodin\u00e1mica, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ingenier\u00eda de Materiales, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Lord Cochrane 418, Santiago 8330546, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mat\u00edas Fabi\u00e1n","family":"Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Celular y Fotodin\u00e1mica, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ingenier\u00eda de Materiales, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Lord Cochrane 418, Santiago 8330546, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7059-2975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ang\u00e9lica R.","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Celular y Fotodin\u00e1mica, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ingenier\u00eda de Materiales, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Lord Cochrane 418, Santiago 8330546, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Moreno-da","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Inorg\u00e1nica, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5942-7696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n A.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matem\u00e1tica y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Metropolitana, Las Palmeras 3360, \u00d1u\u00f1oa, Santiago 7800003, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Navas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, \u00d1u\u00f1oa, Santiago 7800003, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6077-2457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Angamos 601, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Dreyse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, \u00d1u\u00f1oa, Santiago 7800003, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4620-6974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan R.","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Inorg\u00e1nica, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4581-7327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian Erick","family":"Palavecino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Celular y Fotodin\u00e1mica, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ingenier\u00eda de Materiales, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Lord Cochrane 418, Santiago 8330546, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karampatakis, T., Tsergouli, K., and Behzadi, P. 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